SMA弹簧驱动器驱动机理及实验

为了将形状记忆合金(SMA)弹簧驱动器用于智能机械结构,需要了解各类SMA弹簧驱动器的驱动特性。该文在对SMA弹簧驱动器的电热驱动机理理论分析的基础上,进行了实验研究。实验结果表明:驱动器响应速度与驱动电流、预变形量、冷却速度、负载有关。偏动式驱动器回复速度和驱动电流成正比;差动式驱动器的响应速度受SMA弹簧冷却速度的制约,要控制驱动电流;差动驱动器比偏动驱动器性能优良,在智能机械结构中应用将有广阔的前景。     

竖环形夹层内自然对流换热的实验研究和数值计算

作者对两端封闭且绝热、外管表面为等温边界条件、内管表面为不同热边界条件下的竖环形夹层内的自然对流换热进行了数值计算和部分实验研究。在实验模型中,加热管内表面维持为等热流边界条件。文中对四种加热管的边界条件进行了数值计算,给出了实验研究与数值计算的结果,分析了不同边界条件对于换热及加热管壁面温度分布的影响。在耦合问题的数值计算中,采用了双块修正技术,保证了迭代计算的收敛性。数值计算的结果同前人的研究和本文的实验结果的符合程度是令人满意的。     

钢板高频感应加热过程电磁-热耦合场分析

研究静止式钢板感应加热,基于COMSOL Multi-Physics软件开发了二维电磁热耦合数值模型,温度计算结果与实验结果吻合;并分析了感应加热过程中钢板的电磁场分布规律和温度场分布规律.感应器加装导磁体后使涡流产生的焦耳热集中分布于感应器正下方,提高了加热效率.最后,研究了感应加热工艺参数对温度的影响,即在其他加热参数相同的情况下,感应器加载电流、电流频率越高,钢板加热速度越快;感应器与钢板间距越大,钢板加热速度越慢.     

可控活化热氛围燃烧器速度场的数值模拟

通过数值计算的方法对可控活化热氛围燃烧器的速度场进行了数值模拟.通过实验验证了模型,进而分析了中央射流速度、协流速度和温度对燃烧器速度场的影响,并结合温度场稳定区域范围的变化曲线,分析了此活化热氛围燃烧器的适用性.研究表明,增大中央射流速度、协流速度和温度都会使速度场势核区范围扩大,其中中央射流速度的增大量会受温度场稳定区域范围的限制,但可以通过增大协流速度来解决这一矛盾.     

燃烧室出口旋流对静叶栅端壁流动型态和传热冷却特性的影响

贫油预混燃烧室出口的强旋流和温度不均匀特征向下游迁移,直接影响了下游涡轮静叶栅端壁的气动性能,进而改变了气膜冷却端壁的传热冷却特性。设计了具有典型速度和温度出口特征的燃烧室,与实验数据对比,验证了设计的燃烧室出口具有典型的旋流和温度分布特征。采用数值求解三维雷诺平均N-S方程和剪切应力传输湍流模型SST k-ω研究了燃烧室出口旋流对静叶栅端壁流动型态和传热冷却特性的影响。对比分析了燃烧室出口旋流核心与静叶栅沿栅距5个相对位置时气膜冷却端壁的流场型态和传热冷却特性。研究表明：当燃烧室出口旋流中心正对静叶片1时,马蹄涡压力面分支横向迁移被削弱造成滞止点向下游移动,端壁传热恶化,第3排气膜冷却射流被带离端壁,绝热气膜有效度降低;旋流中心正对静叶片2时,马蹄涡压力面分支裹挟第2排气膜冷却射流冲击吸力面,二次冷却效果提升的同时端壁面平均气膜有效度提高,最大值为0.148,无量纲面平均热通量减小了0.055 5。该研究揭示了燃烧室出口旋流对下游静叶栅端壁流场型态和传热冷却特性的影响机制,为端壁气膜冷却布局设计提供了一定的参考。     

合成射流数值模拟方法对比

为了得到最佳的合成射流模型用于合成射流主动流动控制的数值模拟研究,通过求解二维非定常RANS方程,在网格和边界条件等一致的情况下,对比研究了出口速度模型、单连通域模型和动边界模型等3种合成射流模拟方法的优缺点和适用范围,并与实验结果进行对比分析.结果表明:3种模型对射流的速度都有较好的捕捉能力,在考虑激励器振动膜运动的空间分布与时间分布因素的基础上,动边界模型包含对激励器腔体体积变化率建模,对合成射流漩涡空间分布和强度分布有准确的捕捉能力,是数值模拟应用的理想模型.     

高炉冷却壁热表面传热系数的研究

基于边界条件替代法建立了高炉冷却壁热表面与炉气间的传热系数计算模型.采用试验测量冷却壁温度场和温度场数值计算相结合的方法,确定了炉气温度为505～1 248 ℃时炉气与冷却壁壁体及炉气与捣打料间的传热系数.理论分析了在炉气温度较高时炉气与捣打料间传热系数大于炉气与冷却壁壁体间传热系数的原因,从而改变了以往在冷却壁传热模型计算中冷却壁热表面传热系数只用一个综合传热系数的观点,两种传热系数的区分使传热数值计算精度更高.     

高炉铜冷却壁热态实验及温度场数值模拟

根据铜冷却壁传热过程分析,得到铜冷却壁热面复合传热系数的计算公式,并在1∶1的热态实验炉上进行了热态实验,得到不同炉气温度下相应的热面复合传热系数值.建立了铜冷却壁三维数学模型,模拟铜冷却壁在几种不同的热面边界条件下的温度场分布.通过与热态实验结果对比分析可知,热面复合传热系数不能取恒定值,需要考虑炉气温度变化的影响.通过模拟结果,计算壁体热流密度的分布,还可得到热面渣皮的厚度的变化范围.     

气膜孔参数对气动及叶片温度的影响

为了设计一套满足传热及气动要求的涡轮叶片表面气膜孔方案,以某型涡轮第一级导叶为研究对象,对两种气膜冷却结构进行参数化设计。对冷却效果进行数值模拟,研究不同的气膜冷却方式在涡轮中对气动与叶片表面温度分布的影响。将两种冷却方式计算结果进行对比分析,结果表明：在相同边界条件下, 六列气膜孔结构可以减弱冷气射流冲量,减小与主流掺混时的损失,气动效率较四列气膜孔提高0.3%;六列气膜孔可增大冷气覆盖面积,同时有效防止射流穿透附面层进入主流,降低附面层扰动强度,削弱对上游气膜的影响,叶片表面无量纲温度降低了11.68%。     

射流冲击换热强化的场协同及热力学耦合

射流冲击换热具有广泛的工程应用背景,其垂直入射时的局部传热强化效应已得到了实验及数值方法验证.基于流动换热过程的热流散度方程,分别就固体壁面被加热及冷却两种情况,对射流冲击换热中传热及传质过程的交叉效应进行热力学分析.结果表明,射流冲击换热中蕴含了能量传递及转换过程的两种强化机制,即两个自发过程之间的场协同机制及一个自发过程与一个非自发过程之间的热力学耦合机制;无论加热壁面还是冷却壁面的情况下,当冲击流垂直壁面入射时,局部换热效果达到最优.揭示射流冲击换热强化的热力学机制,将为各种动力机械通过改变射流冲击叶片方式提高其能量传递转换效率提供理论基础.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.