深水气井测试水合物生成的预测及防治

深水气井测试时,海水段较长且温度较低,天然气容易在泥线至海平面之间形成水合物,堵塞井筒,导致测试失败。建立深水气井井筒温度-压力模型,模拟南海西部某深水探井测试制度,求解得到井筒流体温度、压力分布;对该区域天然气样进行水合物生成实验,得到天然气水合物生成临界条件。结合测试模拟结果,认为温度是影响水合物生成的主要因素且常规测试过程中该井会在泥线附近生成水合物。隔热油管能够降低井筒整体传热系数,提升流体温度,模拟显示采用隔热油管后流体温度整体升高30℃左右,不同产量下测试均不会生成水合物,能够保证测试顺利进行,该井实测情况也证实了这一预测。实测不同产量下井口温压数据与模拟结果对比,误差均小于5%,证明了模型的准确性,表明该方法能够为深水气井测试过程中水合物预测和防治提供依据。     

天然气水合物钻探现状与钻井技术

钻井是天然气水合物勘探发现最直接的手段,也是天然气水合物开发的必要环节。天然气水合物,尤其是海域深水天然气水合物的勘探与开发对钻井技术提出了更高的要求。在总结全球天然气水合物钻探现状和钻井技术的基础上,对天然气水合物钻井面临的挑战和未来发展方向进行了分析。总结认为,全球已在多个冻土区和海域开展了天然气水合物勘探与试采,显示了较好的天然气水合物勘探开发前景;天然气水合物钻探通常与随钻测井(LWD)相结合,并以常规钻探设备、水基钻井液为主;天然气水合物试采井的完井方式各不相同,尚未形成有效的完井技术系列;天然气水合物的温度-压力特征、储层特征、埋深特征和力学特征等决定了天然气水合物钻井面临井筒稳定性、钻井液安全密度窗口窄等方面的挑战。未来,应进一步探索研究控压钻井、欠平衡钻井、套管钻井、隔热竖管钻井、深水浅软地层水平井钻完井、潜式钻探设备组合和经济环保高效型低温钻完井液等技术在天然气水合物钻井中的应用。     

钻井液处理剂对气体水合物形成的影响研究

海洋深水钻井过程中如钻遇浅层含气砂岩,气体进入钻井液,在海底低温和高压作用下易形成气体水合物,并堵塞井筒、环空或防喷器, 严重影响钻井工程。利用自制四氢呋喃旋转试管测试平台,实验研究了海洋钻井常用的钻井液处理剂（无机盐、有机盐、高分子聚合物）对气体水合物形成的影响。结果表明：无机盐、有机盐能很好地抑制水合物的形成,而聚合物在高浓度时才会有较好的抑制效果,低浓度时则会促进水合物形成。     

琼东南深水钻井井筒天然气水合物抑制剂推荐浓度确定方法

中国石化将对琼东南深水区域展开油气勘探开发工作,而深水钻井时部分井筒处于高压低温环境中,若有气体侵入,易形成天然气水合物,导致诸多复杂情况的发生。通过对根据琼东南海水温度场的分布规律,考虑不同井段、不同钻井工况、不同钻井水力参数条件,分别建立琼东南深水钻井井筒内温度场和压力场的计算方法,并对深水钻井条件下天然气水合物相态平衡条件进行研究。建立了天然气水合物相平衡压力-温度条件的确定方法。结合深水钻井井筒中的温度场、压力场以及天然气水合物的相平衡条件,联合建立了琼东南深水钻井井筒中天然气水合物生成区域的预测方法和抑制剂浓度的确定方法,并通过琼东南华光区域某一口深水井进行实例计算,得出了各开次水合物可能形成的区域。并分析了钻井工程相关参数对水合物形成区域的影响规律。最终得出了抑制剂的推荐浓度方案。     

深水气井环雾流水合物沉积和堵塞动力学模型

深水气田开发过程中,海底附近井筒内具有水合物形成和堵塞的风险.基于井筒气液两相环雾流流动模式,根据气芯和液膜内水合物颗粒不同动力学特征,在液膜内考虑水合物颗粒的形成、运移和管壁黏附过程,同时在气芯内考虑水合物颗粒的形成、聚并、破碎和沉降行为,建立了井筒水合物动态沉积和堵塞的动力学模型,可以用于模拟和预测不同工况下井筒内...     

深水气井测试条件下井筒水合物生成及浅层水合物分解的环空保护液导热系数

针对南海海域可能钻遇浅层水合物,且在深水井测试过程中井筒生成天然气水合物造成井筒堵塞的难题,从环空保护液的角度出发,以南海某深水气井为例,采用数值模拟方法,研究深水气井测试时不同产量下不同环空保护液导热系数对井筒生成水合物和浅层水合物分解的影响。结果表明：环空保护液导热系数越低,井筒生成水合物的临界测试产量越低,当环空保护液导热系数低至0.10 W/(m·℃)时,可满足产量5×10⁴ m³/d,井筒内不生成水合物;随着环空保护液导热系数降低,井筒外缘温度随之降低,浅层水合物越不容易发生分解;现场测试产量下的井口温度与模拟结果误差均小于5%,验证了计算模型的可行性。     

钻井液中天然气水合物生成影响因素研究

深水钻井中,极易在钻井液中生成天然气水合物,给深水钻井带来极大的危害。利用研发的钻井液中天然气水合物形成抑制试验装置,系统的研究了钻井液中天然气水合物生成过程及其影响因素。研究表明天然气水合物最先于气液界面处生成;随着搅拌速率的增大,天然气水合物生成速度加快;在钻井液处理剂中,Na Cl可有效延缓天然气水合物生成时间,聚合醇、聚胺次之,膨润土、PAC-LV、XC、SPNH等无明显抑制效果;天然气组分也对天然气水合物生成产生重要的影响,对于烷烃来说,分子量越大,越易于生成天然气水合物。     

深水钻井液高效水合物抑制剂研究

通过分子结构优化,研制出海洋深水钻井新型水合物动力学抑制剂SDH。利用自行研制的天然气水合物抑制性能评价实验装置模拟超深水海底低温/高压环境,进行水合物抑制性评价实验。结合压力-温度曲线和温度、压力随时间的变化情况,分析SDH作用下水合物生成的动力学过程,探讨其作用机制。考察低剂量的SDH与热力学抑制剂NaCl的复配使用效果。研究表明:在SDH作用下,可将水合物生成过程划分为水合物成核、水合物缓慢生长和大量生成3个阶段; SDH可吸附在水合物表面,通过空间位阻作用有效抑制水合物的生长,其最优加量为1.0％;低剂量的SDH与热力学抑制剂NaCl的复配具有很好的协同作用,在模拟3km水深条件下(2℃,30MPa),1.0％SDH与10％NaCl复配使用可保证钻井液搅拌12h无水合物生成,满足超深水钻井需要,同时可降低成本。     

气体钻井钻遇高产气流时压井模拟实验

气体钻井钻遇高产气流时井筒处于空井状态,如果套压太高:1容易压漏套管鞋处地层;2很难使用钻井泵泵入压井液;3井筒内气量很大又处于高压压缩状态,压井排气时危险性大;因此,通常不通过关井求压来确定地层情况,井底常压法压井无法建立有效液柱平衡地层压力,压井施工缺乏理论依据。为了获取现场实验数据,以便给气体钻井钻遇高产气流时压井方案的制定提供参考,针对该情况下无法关井的特点进行了现场模拟井压井实验。实验过程中通过自动控压钻井系统进行压力自动控制、PWD进行数据实时监测,完成了不同产气量情况下的压井实验,并将实验结果与模拟计算结果进行对比分析,计算精度和实验数据误差在10%以内,取得了良好的实验效果。     

深水钻井井控技术

该文在对国内外深水井控技术充分调研的基础上,针对南中国海深水钻井井控特点和难点,结合近年南海深水钻井设计和作业经验,详细分析了深水钻井井控存在的地层压力窗口窄、溢流监测困难、压井难度大和压井作业时间长、井控设备复杂、存在水合物风险等问题,研究提出了有针对性的解决方案,可为南海深水钻井井控作业提供参考。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to