包膜肥料对水稻土壤渗滤液中NO2--N、NO3--N、NH4+-N的影响

通过有机玻璃土柱盆栽试验,研究了包膜肥料在水稻不同生育期对不同深度土层的土壤渗滤液中NO2--N、NO3--N、NH4+-N含量的影响。结果表明,土壤渗滤液中NO2--N、NO3--N、NH4+-N质量浓度随着水稻的生长逐渐降低;在水稻分蘖期和拔节期,随着土壤深度的增加NO2--N、NO3--N含量呈现先减小后增大的趋势,NH4+-N含量呈现先增大再减小再增大的趋势;在水稻抽穗期和成熟期,NO2--N、NO3--N含量呈现逐渐减小的趋势,NH4+-N含量呈现增大的趋势。在水稻生育期内与施用普通尿素UR相比,包膜肥料LP40、LPSS、SC60氮素渗滤损失总量分别降低了58.27%,46.38%,33.30%。     

青虫菌对水稻三化螟防治效果的测定初报

试验目的:青虫菌对水稻三化螟杀虫效果的测定。 试验方法:选择长势整齐,卵块密度较高,且没有施用过其它农药的田块进行实验。每小区面积在0.18亩以上。从始盛孵期开始施第一次药,以后每隔七天施一次,共施三次,效果检查在第一次施药后的第十七天进行。采取平行线跳跃式取样法调查200蔸,记下调查总株数及枯心数,求得枯心率,并用对照枯心率算出防治效果,计算公式如下:     

防治水稻白叶枯病的新农药——叶枯灵

叶枯灵,也叫氨基二氮噻唑,TF—128,7104,是去冬全国农药大田试验示范会议肯定的防治水稻白叶枯病效果较好的一种新农药。我省绍兴地区农科所为进一步肯定叶枯灵的药效,在去年试验的基础上,今年上半年又作了大田、小区、盆栽试验。结果表明,该农药具有下列特点:1.高效低毒。使用该农药防治白叶枯病,一般防效在80～90%以上,优于现有的其它农药,而且尚未发现对水稻的药害现象,甚至在早稻扬花期喷药也无药害情况。2.残效期长。叶枯灵喷洒后,在水田中可以保持半个月以上的残效期,而且,雨水淋洗降效很少,甚至边下雨边喷药,药效亦无明显降低。     

沙地水稻各农艺性状与产量关系的回归分析

采用通辽地区沙地水稻生产上常用的品种为试验材料,对其产量与主要农艺性状进行了相关及多元回归分析,结果表明：水稻单穴产量与结实率和千粒重呈显著正相关,与空粒数呈显著负相关,与其它性状呈不显著负相关;通过逐步回归分析建立了数学模型,通径分析结果表明,穗长、实粒数、千粒重对产量具有正向效应,而生育期、株高、分蘖数却对水稻的单穴产量具有负向效应。在沙地衬膜条件下,应选择穗长、生育期适中、千粒重大、分蘖数较少、实粒数多、株高适中的品种易获得高产。     

改进灰色关联分析在优质早籼稻品种选育中的应用

利用灰色关联分析,对2001年浙江省“9410”联合品比试验温州点结果进行了分析．结果表明,主要性状对产量的关联度顺序为：千粒重＞最高苗＞生育期＞穗粒数＞株高＞有效穗＞穗率＞结实率．为水稻育种提供了科学的理论依据．     

水稻不同生育阶段稻田水位调控对产量因子及产量的影响

以稻田水位作为调控指标,对水稻分蘖期、拔节孕穗期、抽穗开花期和乳熟期进行受旱试验,根据试验资料分析水稻不同生育期受旱对产量及其构成因子的影响。研究表明：水稻分蘖期受旱,对有效穗数最为不利,反而复水后会使穗粒数、结实率有所增加,对千粒质量影响不大,如分蘖期严重受旱,将导致严重减产;拔节孕穗期对水分很敏感,受旱对穗粒数和结实率均产生不利影响,会严重降低产量,而对千粒质量影响并不显著;抽穗开花期受旱对穗粒数、结实率和千粒质量均产生不利影响;乳熟期受旱主要对千粒质量产生不利影响。通过灰色关联度分析,得出水稻产量构成因子对产量贡献最大的为有效穗数。     

金无踪对轻度重金属污染稻田稻米重金属降污效果评价

田间试验结果显示．金无踪能够显著降低重金属元素对水稻生长的毒害作用。不同施用量的金无踪,能够促进优质稻在轻度重金属污染下的生长,生育期显著提前1～2d;金无踪的施用能显著降低各种重金属在稻谷中的含量,稻谷产量也有所增加。试验结果表明,金无踪具有很好的治理稻田重金属污染的效果。     

水稻ORYZA2000模型在陕西省的适应性评价

采用陕西省城固县农气观测站的水稻田间观测数据,对ORYZA2000水稻模型进行参数校正与调试,分析和模拟水稻在陕西省南部的适应性.结果表明:在全球气候变暖背景下,水稻各发育期均不同程度地提前;ORYZA2000模型模拟的水稻总生物质量、穗生物质量、茎生物质量和绿叶生物质量的模拟值和观测值相关性好,且随着播期推后,水稻产量呈下降趋势.该模型能够较准确地模拟陕南地区水稻产量、生育期、各生物量和叶面积指数的动态变化.     

探讨不同因素对白背飞虱在稻苗间传播南方水稻黑条矮缩病毒效率的影响

结果表明,白背飞虱(5龄若虫、长翅型和短翅型成虫)在18~34℃的温度区间内均能在不同生育期的水稻上传毒,传毒率在3.3%~41.2%间.介体发育阶段、环境温度和水稻生育期均能显著影响该虫的传毒能力(P0.01),不同发育阶段白背飞虱的传毒能力依次是5龄若虫短翅型成虫长翅型成虫;26℃时该虫传毒率最高,其次是22℃,最后依次是28℃、18℃和34℃;苗龄越低传毒率越高.这三者中任意2因素间都有极显著的互作效应(P0.01),它们对该虫传毒的影响顺序依次是温度水稻生育期介体发育阶段环境温度×介体发育阶段环境温度×水稻生育期介体发育阶段×水稻生育期.不同品种的感染率不同,5个品种感染率从高到低的顺序分别是陵两优268(41.7%)、金优899(37.6%)、金优284(36.2%)、培两优981(32.1%)和威优644(29.3%).其中,陵两优268的感染率显著高于其它品种(P0.05),金优898和金优284之间感染率差异不显著(P0.05),威优644的感染率显著低于其它品种(P0.05).禁食时间在12 h以上时,该虫传毒能力显著降低(P0.05).白背飞虱在稻苗间的传毒效率与水稻品种、环境温度、该虫发育阶段、水稻品种及生育期、该虫禁食时间长短密切相关,其中水稻生育期、温度和白背飞虱的发育阶段间还存在极显著的互作效应.     

三化螟发生规律的研究

三化螟是海南岛水稻三大害虫之一。该虫每年发生6代,间歇年份大发生,造成稻谷严重损失。常年螟害率2—6％,大发生年局部地区高达50％以上。螟害率与发生量正相关;发生量与降水量负相关;发生期与气温负相关;上代与下代发生期正相关。根据冬季气温与降水量,可预测全年各代发生期与螟害率,掌握上述发生规律,做好测报与防治工作。     

不同基因型水稻对低温潜沼性逆境的耐受能力及其农艺表现

低温潜沼性逆境是我国稻区常见逆境之一,研究不同基因型水稻对低温潜沼性逆境的耐受能力及农艺表现,对于提高稻田产量具有重要的理论意义和实践意义.研究选取四川盆地常用水稻品种,采用田间试验的方法,观测并分析不同水稻品种的分蘖动态、穗部性状等农艺指标.结果表明:① 低温潜沼性逆境下,耐受能力较强的协优027和冈优188,在分蘖期（5月306月30日）具有较强的分蘖能力,其最大分蘖数分别为24.93和23.90,显著高于其它参试品种;其平均株高增长率在分蘖期分别为5.2%和5.7%,显著低于其它参试水稻品种.② 协优027和冈优188在低温潜沼性逆境下的结实率较非逆境下的结实率分别降低5%和2%,穗长分别降低0.8%和0.1%,降低程度显著低于其它参试品种.③ 协优027和冈优188在低温潜沼性逆境下的稻谷产量分别为7.16,6.61 t/hm 2,显著高于辐优151（4.81 t/hm2）和川谷优204（3.43 t/hm2）.④ 低温潜沼性逆境下,水稻耐潜指数与水稻产量间的相关系数为0.64（P0.05）,与水稻产量降低程度间的相关系数为-0.78（P0.01）.低温潜沼性逆境耐受能力较强的水稻品种（协优027和冈优188）,在低温潜沼性逆境下的分蘖数较多,结实率和穗长降低程度较低,产量降低程度较小,更容易获得高产.水稻耐潜指数可以用来评价不同基因型水稻对低温潜沼性逆境的耐受能力,耐潜指数越高,其在低温潜沼性逆境下产量降低程度越小.     

凉山州地方粳稻品种性状研究

本文通过对部分凉山州地方粳稻品种的生育进程、分蘖成穗情况、株叶特性和抗性、穗部性状及物理品质的研究表明,各品种的生育期均短于对照,单株分蘖力大多高于对照而成穗率大多低于对照,株高偏高,抗倒伏力弱而抗病力强,株型和剑叶性状较好,穗部性状各品种间差异较大,产量和收获指数均不及对照,稻米的物理品质除个别品种的糙米率、整精米率、垩白粒率达粳稻米二级指标外,其它均较差。综合各个品种的农艺性状及物理品质,以Y63、Y64、X32、B95和B134较好,可作为育种材料或经过改良在适宜地区推广种植。     

柴油污染发生在水稻两个不同生育期对产量的影响

水稻两个不同的生育期受柴油污染后的产量均比未受污染的对照产量低。生育前期(分蘖期)受污染的产量损失大于生育后期(幼穗分化期)受污染的产量损失。在同为低浓度污染(100mg/kg土)的条件下,两者的产量差异不显著;而同为中或高浓度污染(200mg/kg土或400mg/kg土)条件下,两者的产量差异达极显著水平。前期污染产量下降的原因主要是生物产量的下降;后期污染的产量下降则是由于收获指数(HI)下降引起的。     

Do rice water weevils and rice stem borers compete when sharing a host plant？

The rice water weevil （RWW） Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Kuschel （Coleoptera： Curculionidae） is an invasive insect pest office Oryza sativa L. in China. Little is known about the interactions of this weevil with indigenous herbivores. In the present study, adult feeding and population density of the weevil, injury level of striped stem borer Chilo suppressalis （Walker） （Lepidoptera： Pyralidae） and pink stem borer Sesamia inferens （Walker） （Lepidoptera： Noctuidae） to flee, as well as growth status of their host plants were surveyed in a rice field located in Southeastern Zhejiang, China, in 2004 with the objective to discover interspecific interactions on the flee. At tillefing stage, both adult feeding of the weevil and injury of the stem borers tended to occur on larger tillers （bearing 5 leaves） compared with small tillers （bearing 2-4 leaves）, but the insects showed no evident competition with each other. At booting stage, the stem borers caused more withering/dead hearts and the weevil reached a higher density on the plants which had more productive tillers and larger root system; the number of weevils per tiller correlated negatively with the percentage of withering/dead hearts of plants in a hill. These observations indicate that interspecific interactions exist between the rice water weevil and the rice stem borers with negative relations occurring at booting or earlier developmental stages of rice.     

杂交水稻苗期生长优势与~(32)P、~(14)C在分蘖的分布

试验杂交水稻的分蘖数量除L301A×R29比不育系和常规高产品种“双桂36”较少外,D优63、D优64、青优中、协优64、威优64、威优35和华优63分别比其亲本和对照品种多,表现正显性超亲优势.青优中、协优64、威优64、威优35、华优63和D优63的分蘖数与~(32)P在分蘖中的分布(％)呈正相关.D优64、L301A×R29不呈正相关.D优63、D优64、协优64的分蘖数与~(14)C—同化物在化分蘖的分布(％)呈正相关,青优中、威优64、威优35华优63和L301A×R29不呈正相关.D优63、D优64、协优64和华优63的单苗干物重高于它们的亲本和对照品种.青优中、协优64、华优63、D优63、D优64的苗高也分别比其亲本和对照品种高.本文还讨论了杂交稻苗期生长优势、~(32)P和~(14)C在分蘖中的分布(％)与谷粒产量的关系.     

籼型多分蘖矮秆突变体的遗传分析及其相关生理特性

籼型多分蘖矮秆突变体“佳禾丛矮”(Jiahecongai,JHCA)是本研究室在进行成熟花粉辐照诱变育种过程中发现的.遗传分析表明,JHCA同时携带互不等位的半矮秆基因sd-1和另一个由核基因隐性突变造成的多分蘖矮秆基因,暂命名为xmd(t).从JHCA与野生型高秆品种“广场13”(GC13)的杂交后代中分离出只带xmd(t)且遗传稳定的单基因型突变品系“新佳丛”( Xinjiacong,XJC).为揭示xmd(t)突变所造成的多分蘖与茎秆矮化协同出现的机理,对XJC的相关生理特性进行了分析.全生育期去除分蘖芽的试验表明,突变体植株的矮化是由于或部分由于过多分蘖的发生所造成的,该突变体的实质是多分蘖突变体.显微分析和田间分蘖动态观察表明,突变体多分蘖特性的形成是由于分蘖芽发生更早、分糵级数多、分蘖节位更高,且分蘖持续时间更长所造成的.本研究也表明,多分蘖矮秆突变体是研究水稻分蘖分子机理的理想材料.     

Control of tillering in rice

Tillering in rice (Oryza sativa L.) is an important agronomic trait for grain production, and also a model system for the study of branching in monocotyledonous plants. Rice tiller is a specialized grain-bearing branch that is formed on the unelongated basal internode and grows independently of the mother stem (culm) by means of its own adventitious roots. Rice tillering occurs in a two-stage process: the formation of an axillary bud at each leaf axil and its subsequent outgrowth. Although the morphology and histology and some mutants of rice tillering have been well described, the molecular mechanism of rice tillering remains to be elucidated. Here we report the isolation and characterization of MONOCULM 1 (MOC1), a gene that is important in the control of rice tillering. The moc1 mutant plants have only a main culm without any tillers owing to a defect in the formation of tiller buds. MOC1 encodes a putative GRAS family nuclear protein that is expressed mainly in the axillary buds and functions to initiate axillary buds and to promote their outgrowth.     

麦后免耕直播杂交水稻的生育特性及产量研究

在田间条件下，选用4个杂交水稻组合，以育秧移栽为对照，研究了两熟制稻区麦后免耕直播杂交稻的生育特性和产量。结果表明：与常规育秧移栽相比，麦后免耕直播杂交稻全生育期和营养生长期有较大幅度的缩短，株高降低，主茎总叶数减少，单株分蘖能力增强，最大叶面积指数增大，分布于较深土层的根量增加，最终单位面积有效穗数增加，但每穗着粒数和实粒数有所降低。不同类型杂交组合直播条件下生育特性和产量构成因素的变化趋势有较大差异，生育特性适宜的杂交组合免耕直播可获得与育秧移栽相近的产量．     

Characterization of high-yield performance as affected by genotype and environment in rice

We characterized yield-relevant characters and their variations over genotypes and environments （locations and years） by examining two rice varieties （9746 and Jinfeng） with high yield potential. 9746 and Jinfeng were planted in two locations of Shanghai, China, during 2005 and 2006. The results show that there was a large variation in grain yield between locations and years. The realization of high yield potential for the two types of rice was closely related to the improved sink size, such as more panicles per square meter or grains per panicle. Stem and leaf biomasses were mainly accumulated from tillering stage to heading stage, and showed slow decline during grain filling. Meanwhile, some photosynthetic characters including net photosynthesis rate （Pn）, leaf area index （LAI）, specific leaf area （SLA）, fluorescence parameter （maximum quantum yield ofPSll, Fv/Fm）, chlorophyll content （expressed as SPAD value）, as well as nutrient （N, P, K） uptake were also measured to determine their variations over genotypes and environments and their relationships with grain yield. Although there were significant differences between years or locations for most measurements, SLA at tillering and heading stages, Fv/Fm and LAI at heading stage, stem biomass at heading and maturity stages, and leaf nitrogen concentration at tillering and heading stages remained little changed, indicating their pos- sible applications as selectable characters in breeding programs. It was also found that stem nitrogen accumulation at tillering stage is one of the most important and stable traits for high yield formation.     

Salicylic acid and ethylene signaling pathways are involved in production of rice trypsin proteinase inhibitors induced by the leaf folder Cnaphalocrocis medinalis （Guenee）

The roles of signaling pathways in the production of trypsin proteinase inhibitors (TrypPIs) in rice infested by the leaf folder (LF) Cnaphalocrocis medinalis were studied. Infestation by LF increased TrypPI levels in the leaves of rice plants at the tillering, booting and flowering stages but decreased TrypPI levels at the ripening stage; TrypPI levels in rice stems did not increase at any developmental stage. Infestation by LF at the tillering stage systemically increased TrypPI levels in leaves but not in stems; it also enhanced salicylic acid (SA) levels in leaves and stems, and the ethylene level released from plants. However, LF infestation did not increase JA concentrations. Exogenous application of SA or ethylene enhanced TrypPI levels in the leaves and stems of plants at the tillering stage, whereas treatment with both SA and ethylene induced lower levels of TrypPIs than treatment with SA or ethylene alone, suggesting an antagonistic effect of SA and ethylene on TrypPIs induction. The results suggest that both SA and ethylene signaling pathways are involved in the production of TrypPIs in rice induced by LF; moreover, the antagonistic effect of SA and ethylene may explain the changes in TrypPI levels seen at different plant developmental stages and in different organs.