油种以及微生物的降解作用对海水中石油烃风化模…

在研究了海水中石油烃自然风化模式的基础上，以实验室模拟，研究了原油和燃料油自然风化速率的差异以及微生物含量对风化速率的影响。结果表明，原油的自然风化速率稍低于燃料油，尽管微生物含量增加使其对石油烃降解的绝对量明显增加，但对烃类被降解的百分率以及风化速率常数基本上没有影响。由于微生物的含量本身就是海水中石油烃含量的函数，因此石油烃的风化速率仅为油含量的函数，而与微生物的含量无关。     

芦苇修复新疆石油污染土壤效果

考察芦苇对新疆污染土壤石油烃的处理效能、石油烃对芦苇生长的影响及不同石油污染度条件下芦苇根际微生物数量的变化。研究结果表明:经过123 d的芦苇修复,石油烃去除率可到41.21%～62.14%,明显高于空白样(19.75%～37.92%),其中饱和烃去除效果最好,可达60.52%～73.11%;芦苇对原油污染具有较好的耐受性,在土壤石油污染率低于1.25%情况下能够有效促进土壤中石油烃的去除;芦苇根际土壤中微生物数量与原油降解率呈正相关关系,芦苇根际效应促进原油降解菌数量的增加和活性的增强;芦苇的修复以根际效应为主,芦苇根际恰当的微生物类群为土壤原油降解提供有利保障。     

应用生物吸附剂修复石油污染土壤(英文)

采用生物碳吸附剂(植物性碳吸附材料表面固定本土石油氧化微生物)对污染土壤中的不同石油组分降解性能进行了研究。结果表明,10~14天后石油生物降解率达到40%~50%,30~40天后石油污染物降解率超过90%,土壤中石油烃含量下降至2%~3%,剩余的石油污染物中,饱和分与芳香分含量明显降低,而胶质与沥青质含量显著增加。在乌克兰与俄罗斯油田采油与炼油企业进行了生物碳吸附剂的示范试验,结果表明,该吸附剂对土壤中的石油污染物具有较高的降解率,结果令人满意。     

地下水位波动带中石油烃污染迁移转化规律综述

石油烃污染是中国土壤-地下水环境中存在的普遍问题。石油烃因其毒性及难降解性而受到广泛关注。主要论述地下环境中石油烃污染物的迁移转化规律及生物降解途径、地下水位季节性波动给石油烃污染物在地下环境中的赋存状态及生物修复带来怎样的影响;以及针对这一特殊地质条件,如何开展石油烃微生物原位修复技术研究及优化方案探索。     

以菌糠为调理剂的柴油污染土壤堆肥技术

以老化的柴油污染土壤为供试土壤,以菌糠为调理剂,在模拟实验条件下,进行了为期90d的柴油污染土壤的堆肥研究,分别于堆肥进行的第30、60和90d采集土壤样品,分析土壤的总石油烃残留量和细菌与真菌的数量,探讨不同的菌糠投加比例、外源降解菌接种等因素对柴油污染土壤中石油烃污染物去除效率的影响,并对堆肥过程中堆体微生物数量的动态进行监测分析．研究结果表明,菌糠的添加显著促进了柴油污染土壤中石油烃的生物修复效率,经过90d的堆肥处理,总石油烃的去除率最高达73％．菌糠投加比例也对总石油烃去除率有明显的影响,随着菌糠与土壤体积比的提高,柴油污染土壤中总石油烃的去除率随之增加．外源高效降解菌的添加能显著提高柴油污染土壤中总石油烃污染物的去除率（p〈0．05）．     

微生物降解作用对稠油理化性质的影响

微生物采油技术(MEOR)的主要机理之一就是利用微生物降解原油中的胶质、沥青质等重质组分,降低原油粘度和凝固点,以达到改善原油物化性质的目的。利用从原油及含油污水中分离、选育出能有效降解稠油中重组分的菌种对青海、胜利、辽河、大港等油田的稠油进行了微生物降解实验,分析了细菌降解对原油饱和烃、芳烃以及胶质、沥青质各组分在原油中相对含量和内部组成的影响。结果表明,细菌作用引起原油性质发生明显变化,原油中胶质、沥青质含量降低9%以上,其组成和结构也发生了一定的变化,原油饱和烃轻重组分比值变大,粘度和凝固点分别降低15%和20%左右,大大改善了原油的物化性质。     

石油污染土壤生物修复试验研究

在实验室小试和现场中试的基础上,采用预制床处理工艺对江汉油田4种不同类型石油污染土壤进行实用规模的生物处理技术研究。工程运行结果表明,当稀油、稠油、特稠油和高凝油污染土壤中石油烃总量(TPH)为(25.8～77.2)g.kg-1时,经过86d的运行,TPH去除率为39%～66%。TPH的降解速率除与微生物的生长环境有关外,还与石油的理化性质密切相关。4种石油污染土壤的降解速率依次为:稀油>高凝油>稠油>特稠油,TPH的组分对其降解速率有重要影响。本试验研究为大规模石油污染土壤异位生物修复提供了科学的理论依据。     

舟山西部近岸海水中敌草隆和石油烃的分布特征

为研究敌草隆、石油烃对舟山近岸海域生态系统的影响,调查分析了2011-2013年舟山主岛西部近岸海水中敌草隆的含量,同时调查分析了2011年至2012年间该海域中表层海水中石油烃的含量.结果表明,调查海域海水中敌草隆检出浓度范围为＜3～52.1 ng/L,平均浓度为＜11.1 ng/L.表层海水中石油烃检出浓度范围为0.019.～0.244 mg/L,平均含量为0.066 mg/L,未超海水水质四类标准,符合海洋功能区划要求.连续3年调查结果表明,调查海域中敌草隆的含量呈现缓缓上升趋势,对调查海域生态系统的潜在风险有增长的趋势.     

不同处理条件下污染土壤中石油降解率的变化

本实验利用盆栽进行实验,研究了土壤中不同浓度石油和培养天数对土壤中石油降解率的影响.研究结果表明:石油的浓度、培养时间以及微生物菌剂浓度对石油降解率影响均较大.当石油污染物的最适浓度大于5.0%而小于10.0%时,菌剂浓度4.0%,植物与微生物联合降解石油污染物时效果明显,降解率可达78.7%.当石油浓度超过10.0%时会对微生物产生毒害,有的甚至直接杀死微生物.通过本实验,我们可以为进一步研究石油污染提供理论支持.     

石油污染土壤植物根际微生态环境与降解效应

利用大庆油田石油开采区的污染土壤作为供试土壤,选择紫花苜蓿和披碱草为供试植物,通过监测根系微生物活性、石油烃降解效率等指标,建立植物根际微生态环境生物和非生物因子之间的量化关系,揭示污染土壤石油烃降解效应和影响要素.研究结果表明,植物根系可改善污染土壤持水能力和微生物活性,与无根系土壤相比,提高含水率达10%. 植物根际微生物的数量高出1～2个数量级, FDA(荧光素双醋酸酯)活性高出0.29～0.36. 经过150 d的降解,植物根际油污土中石油烃的降解率比无根系土壤高 9.1%～15.5%. 污染土壤植物根际微生态环境对微生物活性具有诱导作用,有利于石油烃的降解和污染土层的生物修复.     

海水中分散石油烃的自然风化及其影响因素

本文用实验室模拟的方法研究了分散于海水中的烷烃的自然风化。用厦门港湾日高盐度海水(S=29‰)加入20~#柴油搅拌2h使油分散于海水中,静置过夜,取中层部份作为含油海水。另取盐度为10‰的河口水和高盐海水(均用脱脂棉过滤)按不同比例混为含油海水。另取盐度为10‰的河口水和高盐海水(均用脱脂棉过滤)按不同比例混合,加入等量的含油海水,配成一系列初始油含量相同(约0.2mg/l)而不同盐度的溶液,恒温25℃,取初始和8天后的水样萃取分析。实验均分两组平行进行,其中一组加入HgCl_2(Hg~(2+)含量为1ppm)以杀死微生物。     

不同微生物组合对石油烷烃降解性能的比较分析

以大连石油污染海域的海洋沉积物作为分离样品,以天然海水培养基分离获得13种海洋石油降解微生物,并通过模拟海底低温微氧环境,以原油作为唯一碳源,评价了13种微生物的石油降解性能。GC-MS分析结果表明,随着降解时间的增加,组合G6及其构建菌株P73和P83对烷烃的降解率逐渐升高。对于C>32的长链烷烃部分,尤其对于石油中的难降解组分如姥鲛烷(Pr)和植烷(Ph)的降解,组合G6的降解效果明显优于单菌株。由高效石油降解菌菌株P73和菌株P83构建的组合G6对于石油烷烃中很难降解和风化的长链烷烃具有强大的协同降解作用。     

基于三维荧光光谱和主成分分析的溢油风化研究

通过开展风化模拟实验,探讨了油品三维荧光光谱特征的风化变化规律.将油样三维荧光光谱转化为矢量,计算特征峰强度比值,并对矢量数据进行主成分分析.分析了不同风化时间光谱数据、特征峰强度比值和主成分分析因子得分的变化.结果表明,风化过程不会改变油样三维荧光光谱的分布特征,但能改变荧光特征峰的相对强度,变化趋势与特征峰的位置有关.特征峰强度比值和第一主成分因子得分的变化分为水面、水下2个阶段,可能与风化机理不同有关.溢油源鉴定中,可以综合使用荧光特征峰比值、第一主成分因子得分2个参数,作为油样风化程度的判定依据.     

Crude-oil biodegradation via methanogenesis in subsurface petroleum reservoirs

Biodegradation of crude oil in subsurface petroleum reservoirs has adversely affected the majority of the world's oil, making recovery and refining of that oil more costly. The prevalent occurrence of biodegradation in shallow subsurface petroleum reservoirs has been attributed to aerobic bacterial hydrocarbon degradation stimulated by surface recharge of oxygen-bearing meteoric waters. This hypothesis is empirically supported by the likelihood of encountering biodegraded oils at higher levels of degradation in reservoirs near the surface. More recent findings, however, suggest that anaerobic degradation processes dominate subsurface sedimentary environments, despite slow reaction kinetics and uncertainty as to the actual degradation pathways occurring in oil reservoirs. Here we use laboratory experiments in microcosms monitoring the hydrocarbon composition of degraded oils and generated gases, together with the carbon isotopic compositions of gas and oil samples taken at wellheads and a Rayleigh isotope fractionation box model, to elucidate the probable mechanisms of hydrocarbon degradation in reservoirs. We find that crude-oil hydrocarbon degradation under methanogenic conditions in the laboratory mimics the characteristic sequential removal of compound classes seen in reservoir-degraded petroleum. The initial preferential removal of n-alkanes generates close to stoichiometric amounts of methane, principally by hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis. Our data imply a common methanogenic biodegradation mechanism in subsurface degraded oil reservoirs, resulting in consistent patterns of hydrocarbon alteration, and the common association of dry gas with severely degraded oils observed worldwide. Energy recovery from oilfields in the form of methane, based on accelerating natural methanogenic biodegradation, may offer a route to economic production of difficult-to-recover energy from oilfields.     

Experimental study on spectral responses of offshore oil slick

Using the seawater taken from Liaodong Bay and crude oil taken from Liaohe Oilfield, a laboratory experiment was designed to study the change of reflectance spectrum of artificial offshore oil slick with its thickness and to identify the spectrum ranges suitable for quantifying the thickness of the oil slick. During the experiment, crude oil was continuously dropped into the seawater to generate artificial oil slick with different thicknesses. After every drop of crude oil was added, reflectance spectrum of the oil slick was measured with a high resolution spectroradiometer （ASD FieldSpec Pro FR）. The influence of oil slick thickness on its reflectance spectrum was explored through statistical analysis. The results show that the reflectance of oil slick changes marginally with oil slick thickness and higher than that of seawater in infrared band from 1150 to 2500 nm. This spectrum range can be practically used to distinguish oil slick from seawater. In the spectrum range from 400 to 1150 nm, the reflectance of oil slick decreases with its thickness. The negative power function is the best-fit function expressing the relationship between the reflectance and thickness. The spectral characteristics of oil slick are very distinct at 550 and 645 nm. They are the best wavelengths for monitoring the existence of offshore oil slick and estimating its thickness.     

中原油田洒落原油对地下水污染的研究

洒落石油对地下水的污染主要分布在井下作业频繁的采油井井场内。在原油污染中心地带，表层土壤受污染最重，边缘地带稍轻；原油组分中非饱和烃运移能力最强；在天然条件下，原油污染物自然降解率较小；在污染区内，包气带中油污染向下运移并不与表层油污染浓度成正比。油污染在包气带中迁移受油污染浓度大小的控制，当石油污染物的浓度大于近似残余饱和度，污染物向下迁移，对地下水产生污染。     

Biodegradation of oil in uplifted basins prevented by deep-burial sterilization.

Biodegradation of crude oil by bacterial activity--which has occurred in the majority of the Earth's oil reserves--is known to reduce greatly the quality of petroleum in reservoirs. For economically successful prospecting for oil, it is therefore important to understand the processes and conditions in geological formations that lead to oil biodegradation. Although recent studies speculate that bacterial activity can potentially occur up to temperatures as high as 150 degrees C (refs 3, 4), it is generally accepted that effective petroleum biodegradation over geological timescales generally occurs in reservoirs with temperatures below 80 degrees C (ref. 2). This appears, however, to be at odds with the observation that non-degraded oils can still be found in reservoirs below this temperature. Here we compile data regarding the extent of oil biodegradation in several oil reservoirs, and find that the extensive occurrence of non-biodegraded oil in shallow, cool basins is restricted to those that have been uplifted from deeper, hotter regions of the Earth. We suggest that these petroleum reservoirs were sterilized by heating to a temperature around 80-90 degrees C during deep burial, inactivating hydrocarbon-degrading organisms that occur in the deep biosphere. Even when such reservoirs are subsequently uplifted to much cooler regions and filled with oil, degradation does not occur, implying that the sterilized sediments are not recolonized by hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria.     

三塘湖盆地牛圈湖油田原油物性特征及其影响因素分析

在对三塘湖盆地牛圈湖油田原油物性分布特征分析的基础上,结合油气藏构造条件、运移条件和保存条件等,分析原油物性差异的原因,发现牛圈湖油田侏罗系与芦草沟组原油物性的特征在深度上有较大差别.侏罗系原油埋藏深度相对较浅,相对密度和黏度随深度增加而降低,主要是轻组分运移散失、水洗、氧化等作用的结果.芦草沟组原油埋藏深度相对较大,相对密度和黏度则随深度增加而升高,主要是油气藏中油气重力分异作用的结果.芦草沟组油气藏的保存条件总体要好于侏罗系.在分析原油物性时,还应注意采样、分析时间对分析结果的影响.     

石油磺酸盐对胜利油田原油、胶质、沥青质界面性质的影响

研究了石油磺酸盐对胜利油田孤四水驱原油及由该原油提取的胶质、沥青质油水界面性质的影响。实验结果表明,石油磺酸盐能显著降低各模拟油的油水界面张力,并可使其达到超低界面张力范围;而对各模型油油水界面剪切粘度的影响却不同。在一定浓度范围内,原油和沥青质模拟油的油水界面剪切粘度均随石油磺酸盐浓度的增加而增加,但当石油磺酸盐浓度足够高时,二者的界面剪切粘度却有所下降,只是下降的幅度不同;胶质模拟油的油水界面剪切粘度随着石油磺酸盐浓度的增加而减小。随石油磺酸盐浓度的改变各模拟油的ζ电位也发生了明显变化。