对硝基苯甲醚合成工艺研究

本文综述了合成对硝基苯甲醚的各种方法。本文重点介绍以对硝基氯苯、甲醇和氢氧化钠为原料合成对硝基苯甲醚的相转移催化剂法。     

相转移催化合成对硝基苯甲醚的反应动力学研究

对硝基氯苯(ArCl)在相转移催化剂作用下,常压生成对硝基苯甲醚。考察了反应温度,氢氧化钠用量,催化剂的浓度和结构与对硝基苯甲醚生成速度的定量关系。在一定的催化剂和氢氧化钠浓度下,生成对硝基苯甲醚的假一级速度方程为:V=k[ArCl],以三乙基苄基氯化铵为催化剂,80°±0.5℃,催化剂与对硝基氯苯的摩尔比为0.01,氢氧化钠浓度为36.5%时,k=1.20×10~(-2)分~(-1),活化能E=73.69kJ/mole。     

合成邻硝基苯甲醚的一种新方法

在乙腈、聚乙二醇存在下,用苯甲醚与硝酸铈铵反应合成了邻硝基苯甲醚.最佳反应条件为:苯甲醚与硝酸铈铵的物质的量比为5∶5.5,反应温度50℃,反应时间2h.邻硝基苯甲醚的产率达71.2%.     

相转移催化合成邻硝基苯甲醚

以苄基三丁基氯化铵做相转移催化剂，邻硝基氯苯、甲醇和氢氧化钠为原料，在常压下合成了邻硝基苯甲醚。并对原料配比、反应时间、催化剂的选择及用量对转化率的影响进行了讨论。在最佳反应条件下邻硝基氯苯的转化率＞９９％，邻硝基苯甲醚的收率为９３％，凝固点≥９．８℃。     

催化氢化法制备对氨基苯甲醚

采用合成氨厂氨合成气代替纯氢气催化氢化对硝基苯甲醚合成对氨基苯甲醚的新工艺,探讨了合成反应条件和对氨基苯甲醚收率的影响规律.在催化剂用量1%,反应温度140℃,反应压力4MPa,反应时间3h的优化工艺条件下,邻氨基苯甲醚的收率达到96%以上.     

相转移催化剂TEBAC的合成与应用研究

目的 研究相转移催化剂TEBAC(Triethyl Benzyl Ammonium Chloride,三乙基苄基氯化铵)的合成以及在相转移过程中的催化性能.方法 以N(C2H5)3、氯化苄为反应物,异丙醇为溶剂,经季铵化反应合成TEBAC,利用红外光谱图证实其结构,并进行其应用研究.结果 TEBAC合成收率达到93.33%以上.通过实验探索,确定最佳合成反应条件是:异丙醇为溶剂,nN(C2H5)3∶nC6H6CH2Cl=1∶1,T=82～84 ℃,t=8 h,其结构通过红外光谱图得以证实.将其应用于芳烃氧化 (苯甲酸)和亲核取代(对硝基苯甲醚)的合成反应中,提高了产品收率,缩短了反应时间.结论 自制的相转移催化TEBAC应用于芳烃氧化 (苯甲酸)和亲核取代(对硝基苯甲醚)的合成反应,效果良好.     

2-羟基咔唑的合成与表征

以邻溴硝基苯为起始原料,依次与双(频那醇合)二硼,对溴苯甲醚经Suzuki-Miyaura反应合成了2-硝基-4’-甲氧基联苯,然后经亚磷酸三乙酯还原反应,三溴化硼催化脱甲基化合成了目标产物2-羟基咔唑,总收率68.9%.通过1 HNMR、13 C NMR表征了合成化合物结构.     

10-对硝基苯氧基癸酸合成工艺的改进

对10-对硝基苯氧基癸酸合成工艺进行了改进.以10-溴代癸酸为原料,与甲醇反应生成10-溴代癸酸甲酯,再与对硝基酚钠反应生成10-对硝基苯氧基癸酸甲酯,最后以固定化脂肪酶水解得到10-对硝基苯氧基癸酸.对中间体的折光率和紫外-可见光谱进行分析,并通过紫外-可见光谱1、H-NMR和13C-NMR以及酶分析应用对最终产物进行确证.结果表明,成功合成出目标化合物,总收率达到71.6%.     

芳环上亲核取代反应──2．4－二硝基氯苯醚化的研究

对２．４—二硝基氯苯同甲醇反应及合成２．４－二硝基苯甲醚的各种因素进行了研究，得到了优化反应条件，可使反应产物的收率达９７％。     

芳环上亲核取代反应：2.4—二硝基氯苯醚化的研究

对２．４－二硝基氯苯同甲醇反应及合成２．４－二硝基甲醚的各种因素进行了研究，得到了优化反应条件，可使反应产物的收率达９７％。     

丙酮酸对硝基苯甲酰腙钆（Ⅲ）配合物的合成与表征

将丙酮酸与对硝基苯甲酰肼的混合物于油浴中加热回流,制得丙酮酸对硝基苯甲酰腙化合物。在室温条件下,以自制的丙酮酸对硝基苯甲酰腙化合物为配体,在乙醇-丙酮混合溶液中与稀土金属钆（Ⅲ）自组装,得到了一种丙酮酸对硝基苯甲酰腙稀土配合物。通过红外光谱、热重分析对配合物的结构与性质进行了表征和研究,热分析结果表明其具有良好的热稳定性。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.