水热处理对褐煤性质及型煤抗压强度的影响

针对褐煤资源难以有效利用的现状,采用水热处理法进行褐煤改质成型实验,分析水热处理对褐煤性质及型煤抗压强度的影响。结果表明,经过水热处理后的褐煤,酚羟基和羧基含量明显降低,饱和烷烃有所增加;随着水热处理温度升高,煤中内在水分、挥发分降低,型煤的抗压强度提高。该研究为褐煤的进一步加工利用奠定了基础。     

水热处理对麦秸化学构成的影响

采用傅立叶红外光谱(FTIR)法．分析了麦秸化学组成的层间差异,探讨了水热处理对麦秸表面基团构成的影响。结果表明：麦秸外表面被SiO2等无机矿物磺覆盖,羟基浓度低;麦秸内部(包含内表层)主要由纤维素、半纤维素和木质素等构成,富含羟基官能团：经过水热处理,麦秸外表层部分简单碳水化合物和少量脂肪类物质溶出,热处理时间具育明显的影响：适度NaOH水热处理,可以同时去除碳水化合物、脂肪类物质和SiO2等无机矿物质。     

白音华褐煤热萃取过程中的预处理研究

为了解决褐煤热萃取率低的问题,以酸碱作溶剂对原煤进行预处理,在操作温度为380℃、常压、溶煤比为10∶1的工艺条件下,对预处理后的原煤进行热萃取反应制备超纯煤,考察了不同酸碱溶剂对热萃取率的影响。结果表明:与原煤相比,经不同种类的酸碱溶剂处理后褐煤的热萃取率均得到了不同程度的提高,其中经氢氧化钾预处理后褐煤的热萃取率最高,达到66.5%;红外光谱表明,采用酸碱溶剂预处理原煤,可以有效破坏煤的分子结构,使无机矿物质盐裸露在外,也使有机官能团得到充分暴露。因此,通过预处理手段可以获得更高的超纯煤收率,减少配煤炼焦行业中优质煤的使用量。     

东北某露天矿褐煤干燥提质对水分复吸的影响

东北某露天矿褐煤因水分含量高,使用前需要进行干燥提质处理,以提高其燃烧热效率.为研究褐煤干燥提质后对水分复吸的影响,利用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(Fourier transform infrared spectrometer,FTIR)、差热/热重分析仪(differential analysis/thermogravimetric analyzer,DTA/TG)、扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron microscope,SEM)等先进分析手段,结合干燥提质工艺,研究褐煤干燥提质对水分复吸的作用.结果 表明:东北某露天矿褐煤所含主要官能团包括:羟基、亚甲基、甲基、羰基、羧基和醚键.干燥提质后褐煤含水率由44.78％降至25.07％.干燥提质后褐煤静置9d后的含水率为25.75％,水分含量随时间增长无明显变化,水分吸附逐渐达到动态平衡.由于褐煤结构中的孔洞和裂隙减少,含氧官能团分解,干燥提质后褐煤对水分子的吸附能减弱,因此水分复吸不明显.干燥提质可以有效的抑制褐煤对水分子的吸附.     

褐煤表面官能团的分布特征及量子化学分析

为了揭示煤中官能团活性大小顺序,采用原位傅里叶红外光谱法对北皂褐煤进行漫反射测试,分析了褐煤中各官能团的分布比例.基于各官能团同等构连条件建立了褐煤的红外简化化学结构模型,并对模型进行了量子化学分析.煤中主要活性官能团以甲基亚甲基和羟基最多,其次是羰基、羧基和芳烃上的碳氢键.通过模型的振动频率和前沿轨道分析,得出实验和计算结果所示各官能团振动位置相一致.结合各官能团含量和活性大小可知,煤自燃过程中关键性的官能团是羟基和甲基亚甲基基团,其次是羧基.     

褐煤表面官能团的分布特征及量子化学分析

为了揭示煤中官能团活性大小顺序,采用原位傅里叶红外光谱法对北皂褐煤进行漫反射测试,分析了褐煤中各官能团的分布比例.基于各官能团同等构连条件建立了褐煤的红外简化化学结构模型,并对模型进行了量子化学分析.煤中主要活性官能团以甲基亚甲基和羟基最多,其次是羰基、羧基和芳烃上的碳氢键.通过模型的振动频率和前沿轨道分析,得出实验和计算结果所示各官能团振动位置相一致.结合各官能团含量和活性大小可知,煤自燃过程中关键性的官能团是羟基和甲基亚甲基基团,其次是羧基.     

改性褐煤活性炭吸附TNT红水溶液的实验研究

TNT红水是TNT生产过程中产生的高毒性、高色度的红色废水。目前对TNT红水的处理方法有很多种,传统的吸附法由于其成本过高在处理TNT红水领域应用较少。褐煤活性炭是一种价格低廉且活性较好的材料,利用褐煤活性炭处理TNT红水可望大幅度降低处理成本。实验研究表明,通过一系列的改性处理可提高褐煤活性炭的吸附能力;利用双氧水和浓硫酸改性后的褐煤活性炭吸附能力大大提高,实验室处理后的TNT红水溶液达到国家排放标准要求。     

预干燥燃褐煤发电系统理论研究

利用等效热降法建立了回热抽汽预干燥燃褐煤发电系统的经济性分析模型,并给出了褐煤预干燥的节煤条件.利用该模型对某600 MW机组采用回热抽汽预干燥燃褐煤发电系统的热效率影响因素进行了分析.计算结果表明:采用该系统在额定工况下节煤量为11.21 g·(kW·h)-1;烟气温度每变化10℃节煤量约变化1.5 g·(kW·h)-1;从1 kg褐煤中每多干燥出0.1 kg水节煤量增加3.3 g·(kW·h)-1;从褐煤中干燥出1 kg水分需要的蒸汽量越少,热经济性越好,并且褐煤的干燥程度越高,其对经济性的影响越明显.     

胜利褐煤与玉米秸秆的共液化性能

在微型振动反应釜内,在铁基催化剂存在下,考察了玉米秸秆质量分数和反应温度对胜利褐煤和玉米秸秆共液化性能的影响,并通过液化产物的红外光谱研究了玉米秸秆和胜利褐煤共液化协同效应的机理。结果表明:秸秆和褐煤共液化存在正协同效应,协同效应随着秸秆质量分数的增加而增强;当反应温度为375℃、初始氢压为4MPa、反应时间为0.5h和秸秆质量分数为90%时,油产率高出对应的加权平均值5.87%;反应温度的变化对不同液化产物的协同效应影响不同,低温时协同效应主要体现在促进沥青质的生成,高温时则体现在促进油的生成;通过红外光谱分析液化产物得出秸秆裂解的自由基能促进褐煤中大分子芳香结构裂解,但在促进过程中并没有发生供氢反应;共液化过程中协同效应部分体现在前沥青烯中酚类物质的转化。     

热解温度对东胜褐煤等温热解的影响

对东胜褐煤进行等温热解试验,分析热解温度对褐煤热解气的组成、产量和热值的影响,并利用FTIR对褐煤及其热解产物半焦的主要分子结构进行分析。结果表明,随着等温热解温度的升高,褐煤热解产物半焦中脂肪烃类结构及含氧官能团减少;热解气中CO和H2的含量逐渐增加,CO2的含量明显降低,CH4和CnHm的含量先增加后减少,热解气的产量和热值明显增加;当热解温度为700℃时可得到较高热值的热解气,此时φ(H2)高达39.5%。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-