进气条件对EGR柴油机工作性能的影响

废气再循环(exhaust gas recirculation,EGR)技术已经被广泛地利用在降低NO_x排放方面。基于AVL-FIRE软件建立并校准TBD620柴油机仿真模型并对其缸内燃烧过程进行仿真分析,并研究EGR技术对柴油机的NO_x与碳烟排放性能指标的影响情况。可以看出,单独使用EGR技术在降低NO_x排放方面效果很好,与其他负荷相比,100%负荷时的降低幅度最为明显,最高可达到93.3%,但同时碳烟排放量亦有45%的增幅。在应用EGR技术的基础上,在原机EGR率为0.4、100%负荷工况下改变进气条件(进气温度与进气压力),分别研究二者对EGR柴油机的缸内燃烧过程(滞燃期、燃烧放热率)以及NO_x与碳烟排放的影响情况。结果表明,适当降低进气温度同时提高增压压力可以使NO_x与碳烟排放量同时降低,并且可以避免油耗以及功率的负面影响。     

柴油机燃用乙醇-柴油-汽油混合燃料的试验研究

以汽油为助溶剂配制出均匀稳定的乙醇-柴油-汽油混合燃料,在单缸四气门135柴油机上对燃用不同配比混合燃料及使用不同油嘴型式进行了性能试验。结果表明:燃用适当配比的乙醇-柴油-汽油混合燃料,柴油机动力性、经济性基本不变,碳烟和NOx排放下降明显;着火滞燃期延长,缸内平均温度下降,燃烧速率加快,燃烧持续期缩短;当使用HL伞喷油嘴燃用E20G15燃料时,着火滞燃期进一步延长,油气混合速率和混合气均匀度明显提高,在整个工况范围内,气缸压力和缸内平均温度均较低,碳烟和NOx排放同时降低,其燃烧过程具有明显的热预混合燃烧特征。     

柴油机燃用乙醇-柴油-汽油混合燃料的试验研究

以汽油为助溶剂配制出均匀稳定的乙醇-柴油-汽油混合燃料，在单缸四气门135柴油机上对燃用不同配比混合燃料及使用不同油嘴型式进行了性能试验。结果表明：燃用适当配比的乙醇-柴油-汽油混合燃料，柴油机动力性、经济性基本不变，碳烟和NOx排放下降明显；着火滞燃期延长，缸内平均温度下降，燃烧速率加快，燃烧持续期缩短；当使用HL伞喷油嘴燃用E20G15燃料时，着火滞燃期进一步延长，油气混合速率和混合气均匀度明显提高，在整个工况范围内，气缸压力和缸内平均温度均较低，碳烟和NOx排放同时降低，其燃烧过程具有明显的热预混合燃烧特征。     

喷油策略对高压共轨柴油机性能的影响

为实现通过优化喷油控制参数提高共轨柴油机性能的目的,在云内动力电控高压共轨柴油机上研究了不同的喷油策略对柴油机的性能影响。柴油机运行在转速为2 000r/min,负荷为-50%的典型工况下,使用Fischer-Tropsch(F-T)煤制油作为柴油机燃料。结果表明:喷油压力由62.8MPa增大至143.8MPa时,燃烧提前7°、滞燃期缩短30.2%,缸压和放热增多,碳烟颗粒物(SOOT)排放降低94.5%,NO_x排放升高16.2%,CO与碳氢化合物(HC)排放分别下降6.7mg/m~3和7.8mg/m~3;推迟喷油导致燃烧推后、滞燃期延长,缸内压力下降,NO_x排放量减少,SOOT,CO和HC排放增多。喷油压力和主喷正时是影响柴油机性能的关键因素,在优化喷油规律时应作为主要因素进行考虑。该工况下,喷油参数的最佳组合为喷油压力103.2 MPa,预喷正时上止点前(BTDC)曲轴转角为15.5°,主喷正时上止点前(BTDC)曲轴转角为8.1°.     

柴油机燃用纳米CeO_2催化柴油的缸内碳烟分布

利用缸内燃烧可视化技术研究了催化柴油的碳烟生成过程和浓度分布规律,并分析了高压共轨柴油机燃用催化柴油的燃烧特性和烟度排放.结果表明:随着CeO_2质量浓度的增大缸内燃烧时碳烟火焰出现位置提前,消失的时刻更早;与燃用纯柴油相比,催化柴油的缸内碳烟生成区域减小,碳烟浓度降低,碳烟面积占有率比较小,而柴油机排气烟度有所降低,且随着负荷的增加改善效果更明显;纳米CeO_2颗粒会改善燃油燃烧过程并提高放热速率,柴油机燃用催化柴油后燃烧始点提前,缸内压力峰值、放热率峰值和压力升高率峰值均增大,且对应相位更加靠近上止点.     

高比例甲醇柴油双燃料发动机燃烧与排放特性的研究

在一台TY1100单缸柴油机的进气管上安装了一套电控甲醇喷射装置，进行了高比例甲醇柴油双燃料发动机燃烧和排放特性的试验研究．研究表明：在相同的平均有效压力和转速条件下，随着甲醇质量分数的增加，双燃料燃烧的滞燃期增加，主燃期缩短，放热率曲线第1峰值增大，第2峰值减小，表明预混燃烧量增加而扩散燃烧量减少；高负荷时放热率曲线型心向上止点靠近，燃烧等容度提高，当量柴油燃料消耗率显著下降；在高比例甲醇柴油双燃料工作模式下，发动机的HC和CO排放有所升高，但Nq和碳烟排放大幅度下降．     

F-T柴油/乙醇混合燃料的燃烧及排放特性

在具有高十六烷值的F-T柴油中添加不同比例的乙醇燃料制得乙醇/F-T柴油混合燃料,通过与0#柴油和纯F-T柴油进行比较,研究其燃烧和排放特性。研究结果表明:与0#柴油相比,F-T柴油的滞燃期最短,混合燃料的滞燃期小于0#柴油、大于F-T柴油,且混合燃料乙醇比例越高,滞燃期越长;混合燃料燃烧始点提前,累计放热量达50%时的曲轴转角CA50增大,燃烧放热中心推迟,燃烧放热率第一峰值点下降,预混燃烧放热量降低,使燃烧温度降低,第二峰值点上升,扩散燃烧比重增大。在外特性2 000 r/min下,相比于0#柴油,混合燃料E10、E20的NO_x排放分别降低了24.9%和30.6%,碳烟排放分别降低了65.1%和76.2%,甲醛排放分别降低了67.7%和45.9%。     

EGR技术对柴油机性能的影响

应用废气再循环(EGR)技术通过改善柴油机燃烧进程以降低NO_x排放。基于AVL-FIRE软件搭建TBD620柴油机仿真模型对其缸内燃烧进程进行仿真,并分析EGR技术对其主要性能指标带来的影响,据此判断不同运行情况下的最佳EGR率,在兼顾碳烟排放不致过高的前提下实现NO_x最终释放量最低。结果表明,柴油机工作负荷越大,缸内NO_x最终释放量越大。因此在高负荷工况下,应采用较高的EGR率来满足降低NO_x排放量的要求;在中负荷工况下,NO_x排放量已经大幅降低,综合考虑其动力性、经济性因素,选取适中的EGR率;在较低负荷工况下,NO_x产生量已经较低,EGR率对减小NO_x释放量的作用十分有限,故采用低EGR率。     

大功率车用柴油机燃用航空煤油的燃烧仿真研究

建立了大功率车用柴油机燃用柴油和航空煤油的缸内燃烧模型。该模型利用喷雾试验结果对KH-RT破碎子模型进行了标定,同时耦合了燃油的化学反应动力学机理,具有较高的仿真精度。计算结果表明:相比柴油,柴油机燃用航空煤油喷雾破碎过程中雾化质量提高;燃烧过程中缸内滞燃期缩短,放热率峰值下降,缸内机械负荷及热负荷均得到缓解;柴油机燃用航空煤油在标定工况点相比燃用柴油功率下降5.8%,油耗率相当。     

直喷式柴油机燃用生物柴油的性能与排放

为了研究生物柴油在柴油机上的应用,在一台四缸涡轮增压直喷式柴油机上进行不同掺混比生物柴油与柴油混合燃料的性能对比试验,分析了在不同转速和负荷下柴油机燃用不同掺混比混合燃料的动力性、经济性和排放特性。研究结果表明:生物柴油与柴油相比,在2 200 r/min负荷特性下,有效能耗率减少,NOx排放增加较多,中小负荷碳烟排放基本相同,大负荷碳烟排放明显降低,中小负荷HC排放明显降低,大负荷HC排放基本一致,CO排放基本不变;在外特性下,功率略有增加,HC排放和碳烟排放均有所降低,CO排放和NOx排放增加。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-