废气再循环对汽油缸内直喷汽油机燃烧和排放的影响

为降低汽油缸内直喷(GDI)发动机污染物排放,试验研究了中小负荷下废气再循环和过量空气系数对缸内直喷汽油机燃烧及排放的影响规律。研究表明:加入废气再循环(EGR)能显著降低缸内峰值压力;且过量空气系数小于1时,废气对燃油的蒸发雾化起积极作用,使燃烧持续期增大;但燃烧放热率降低。EGR能显著降低直喷汽油机的NOx排放,但对CO排放的影响较弱。过量空气系数小于1时,EGR对HC排放的影响较明显,HC排放随EGR率增大而减小。随过量空气系数的增大,EGR对HC排放的影响逐渐降低。总体来看,当过量空气系数小于1时,EGR对缸内直喷汽油机的燃烧和排放影响较明显,废气的稀释和热容作用起重要作用。EGR的加入,降低了GDI汽油机核态颗粒物的排放;随EGR率增大,PM排放降低。当过量空气系数大于1后,EGR对缸内直喷汽油机的燃烧和排放的影响逐渐减弱。     

EGR率对阿特金森发动机稀薄燃烧及排放的影响

基于1台1.5 L直列三缸缸内直喷汽油机,开展不同EGR率下的过量空气系数(λ)扫描试验,探究不同程度的稀薄燃烧工况下EGR率对燃烧和排放的影响。研究结果表明：EGR率和λ增大均会导致峰值压力下降,燃烧循环变动率增大,燃烧推后并且持续期延长。指示燃油消耗率随EGR率增加而增加,随λ增加先升高后降低。当EGR率为0、λ为1.15时,燃油消耗率出现最小值。引入EGR可大幅降低NOx排放,但会导致HC排放增多,通过一定程度的稀薄燃烧可以抑制HC上升。同时,稀薄燃烧对降低CO排放的效果也明显比EGR的效果大;当EGR率为0时,通过稀薄燃烧可使CO排放最大下降86.7%。因此,稀薄燃烧与适量EGR率(7%)耦合可作为降低发动机综合排放的一个有效手段。     

缸内直喷汽油机复合燃烧技术

针对缸内直喷汽油机(GDI)存在的主要排放未燃HC和NOx问题,提出了燃烧理论空燃比的复合喷射燃烧技术,运用了废气再循环(EGR)分层技术.复合喷射通过稳压腔辅助喷射燃油和缸内直接喷射燃油,使缸内形成准均质混合气,以满足各种工况下GDI对混合气的要求.在负荷由小到大直至满负荷的范围内都可避免出现过稀区、过浓区,这利于燃烧并减少HC排放;利用在进气管上设计的独特的废气通道,通过滚流分层充气方法,将进气冲程再循环的废气和油气分层,以形成废气-油气-废气馅饼状分层,从而提高了废气再循环率,降低了NOx排放.两种技术的结合,可以解决GDI发动机存在的主要排放问题.实验证明:复合燃烧系统与EGR分层充气技术的有效结合,可以在各种工况下降低NOx排放,降低量为61%;可以降低冷启动时的HC排放,降低量至少为50%.     

稀燃条件下废气再循环对缸内直喷汽油机微粒排放粒径分布的影响

在一台壁面/空气导向组合式喷雾的汽油缸内直喷(GDI)发动机上进行废气再循环(EGR)实验,以研究稀燃条件下EGR对GDI发动机均质和分层模式下微粒排放粒径分布及燃烧的影响。实验结果表明:EGR的引入会抑制缸内燃烧,使缸压和瞬时放热率峰值降低、燃烧相位推迟、碳氢化合物排放增多;在均质和分层模式下随着EGR率升高,核态粒子数量浓度均呈先降后增的趋势,即存在最优EGR率使核态粒子数量浓度最低,均质模式下最优EGR率为8%,降幅为未加入EGR时的50%左右,而分层模式最优EGR率为5%,降幅只有20%左右;在分层模式下,积聚态粒子数量浓度随EGR率不断升高而持续降低;均质模式相较分层模式产生的积聚态粒子较少、核态粒子较多,2 000r/min相较1 500r/min产生的积聚态粒子较多、核态粒子较少。该结果可为直喷汽油机稀薄燃烧的微粒排放控制提供参考。     

废气再循环对柴油机性能影响的试验研究

通过废气再循环(EGR-Exhausted Gas Recirculation)可以有效地降低柴油机的氮氧化物(NOx)排放.但是废气具有一定的热作用和化学作用,因此EGR会对柴油机燃烧过程和排放物的生成造成影响.本文基于4D20柴油机,重点开展了不同的EGR率对柴油机性能影响的研究.分析试验结果发现,随着EGR率的增大,燃烧滞燃期增长,缸内压力和缸内温度降低,放热率峰值降低,热效率下降;NOx排放随着EGR率的增大而急剧下降;soot排放随着EGR率的增大而增大;CO和HC排放随着EGR率的增大而增大.     

富氢重整气对天然气发动机燃烧反应过程的影响

为研究基于废气重整再循环(REGR)技术的天然气发动机燃烧排放调控机制,开展了富氢重整气添加对点燃式天然气发动机缸内燃烧过程影响的数值模拟研究。结果表明,添加富氢重整气与增大过量空气系数对天然气发动机的燃烧过程的影响规律相反。增大重整气添加率可使燃料着火时刻提前1.42°,燃烧持续期缩短;增大过量空气系数则会使缸内平均压力峰值和放热率峰值降低,着火时刻滞后2.24°。REGR率增加到16%时可使总碳氢化合物排放降低26.98%,NO_x排放降低62.52%,但会导致发动机功率降低9.52%。基于此,从化学动力学角度进一步解析REGR率对天然气发动机缸内燃料燃烧反应过程与污染物生成演化过程的影响。结果表明,随REGR率增大,OH自由基参与CH_4消耗反应占比增大,从而加快基元反应速率,使燃烧相位提前,并使未燃HC排放降低。     

缸内直喷天然气/氢气混合燃料配合废气再循环的性能与排放

在一台天然气/氢气混合燃料的缸内直喷火花点火发动机上通过引入废气再循环(EGR)实验研究了EGR率、掺氢比及喷射时刻对发动机性能和排放的影响.结果表明:掺入氢气,在小EGR率时可以减小平均有效压力(BMEP)和有效热效率,在大EGR率时可以增加BMEP和有效热效率;BMEP随EGR率的增大而减小,有效热效率随EGR率的增大先减后增.NOx排放随EGR率的增大而下降,随掺氢比的增大而上升;HC排放随EGR的增大而上升,随掺氢比的增大而下降;CO排放与EGR率变化基本无关,随掺氢比的增大而上升.平均指示压力变动系数Cimep随EGR率的增加而增大,相比于早喷射,晚喷射时Cimep的增大趋势更为明显,此时掺氢可以有效降低Cimep.     

汽油在O_2/CO_2氛围下燃烧特性的试验研究

基于定容燃烧可视化光学平台,模拟缸内直喷(GDI)汽油机缸内燃烧环境,研究汽油在O_2/CO_2氛围和空气氛围下均质燃烧特性以及火焰传播特性。研究结果表明当循环喷油量一定时,相比于空气氛围,汽油在氧气浓度为40%的O_2/CO_2氛围下燃烧的压力升高率提高了1.8倍,着火落后期和明显燃烧期缩短近50%,放热率的峰值增大了近1倍;且峰值相位提前。过量空气系数对汽油在O_2/CO_2氛围下燃烧的影响较大,化学当量比时放热率的峰值达到最大。随着过量空气系数增大,最大燃烧压力增大,最大压力升高率下降,放热率的峰值下降,且峰值相位后移,反应速率下降,明显燃烧期增大,且火焰传播速度明显下降。     

汽油在O2/CO2氛围下燃烧特性试验

基于定容燃烧可视化光学平台,模拟缸内直喷(GDI)汽油机缸内燃烧环境,研究汽油在O2/CO2氛围和空气氛围下均质燃烧特性以及火焰传播特性,研究结果表明当循环喷油量一定时,相比于空气氛围,汽油在氧气浓度为40%的O2/CO2氛围下燃烧的压力升高率提高了1.8倍,着火落后期和明显燃烧期缩短近50%,放热率的峰值增大了近1倍,且峰值相位提前。过量空气系数对汽油在O2/CO2氛围下燃烧的影响较大,化学当量比时放热率的峰值达到最大,随着过量空气系数增大,最大燃烧压力增大,最大压力升高率下降,放热率的峰值下降,且峰值相位后移,反应速率下降,明显燃烧期增大,且火焰传播速度明显下降。     

点火时刻对怠速工况缸内直喷汽油机微粒排放特性的影响

为研究缸内直喷(GDI)汽油机典型工况、怠速工况时的微粒排放特性,在一台4G15缸内直喷汽油机上,通过控制冷却液温度为(80±1)℃、喷油时刻为上止点前310°、过量空气系数为1,研究了点火时刻对缸内直喷汽油机怠速工况微粒粒径分布特性的影响。结果表明:微粒数量浓度和表面积浓度随着点火时刻的提前而增加;微粒数量浓度随粒径分布呈单峰状态,核模态微粒数量浓度粒径分布峰值很小且不明显,积聚模态微粒数量浓度明显高于核模态微粒数量浓度;微粒的体积浓度随点火时刻的提前而增大,核模态微粒体积浓度占总体积浓度的比例随点火时刻的提前而减小。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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