超强光场驱动的高性能高能粒子束的产生及其应用开拓研究

超短超强激光驱动等离子体,可获得电子能量高达1Ge V、质子能量高达60Me V的高性能粒子束,从而在高能加速器、聚变物理、短脉冲高亮度X光源产生、实现小型化自由电子激光等领域都有重大的应用价值。该研究主要研究利用超短超强激光在等离子体中形成稳定的特殊三维尾波结构,即空泡,实现单能电子加速。采用两种控制电子注入的方法,即两束激光对打和纳米细丝扰动,来提高电子加速的稳定性,并控制高能电子的数量和能量。该研究还将通过改变激光传输方向的等离子体密度,来改变空泡中纵向加速静电场的梯度,从而抵消高能电子束本身电荷分离场的梯度,以提高电子束的性能;还将研究高能电子束的细致结构,并考虑其可能的重大应用。该研究将利用靶后鞘层加速实现质子加速,并将利用多层靶来提高加速效率,利用微结构靶获得准单能质子束,同时研究获得高性能高能离子束的其他有效途径。     

激光等离子体加速电子与固体靶相互作用产生相对论正电子的模拟计算

通过理论分析,建立了激光等离子体加速电子与固体靶相互作用产生相对论正电子的物理模型,以及Geant4模拟程序.以100 Me V量级的激光等离子体加速电子束参数为输入,模拟研究了不同靶材和靶厚条件下正电子束的产额、能量、角分布等主要物理参数.结果表明:金靶和钽靶是较优秀的电子—正电子转换靶材;对于相同的金属靶材面密度,正电子产额与原子序数Z的四次方成正比,与原子质量数A的平方成反比,即Ne+∝(Z2/A)2;对于不同的靶材,正电子产额有Ne+∝d2,其中d为靶材厚度,但仍存在一个最佳靶厚度.与利用拍瓦、皮秒激光束与固体靶相互作用产生正电子束的方案相比,利用本方案有望获得更高能量以及更小角发散的相对论正电子束,其流强可达107/shot.     

准直准单能靶面电子加速实验研究

实验上使用大能量、亚ps激光脉冲大角度入射固体靶,获得了沿靶面方向定向传播、发散角仅有2°、峰值能量为3–4 Me V的准直、准单能电子束.实验发现激光对比度对靶面电子束的产生起到了至关重要的作用,最佳的对比度为5×10-6.在此最优化条件下,通过背向散射光谱分析发现,共振吸收激发的等离子体波加速可能是电子的主要加速机制.探针光阴影成像及等离子体自发光的精细结构显示,预脉冲与固体靶相互作用中产生了尺度100μm左右的过临界密度预等离子体.这种等离子体的作用类似于等离子体反射镜,使得激光脉冲被限制在预等离子体区与靶面之间,因而最终造成了电子束沿靶面方向的导引.这种靶面电子束因其合适的能量范围、高度的准直性及沿靶面方向定向传播的特性有望在惯性约束聚变尤其是锥靶快点火中得到应用.     

激光等离子体相互作用中产生的磁场与电子热传导

本文应用三维相对论电磁粒子模拟程序,研究超强超短脉冲激光与等离子体薄靶的相互作用中产生的磁场与电子热传导。研究结果表明,被激发的磁场使电子束在非常短的距离内沉积能量,同时对在激光有质动力推开电子时形成的电子热流产生抑制作用。对这些物理过程的细致研究对更好的理解快点火物理中自生磁场的产生,快电子输运等过程有重要意义。     

电子加速器X射线发射率的MCNP分析

为满足现代X射线应用和设计电子加速器的靶结构和束流参数的需要,采用MCNP4B程序对2～20MeV能量范围内的电子束入射不同厚度钨靶的X射线发射率进行了系统的模拟计算和研究.结果表明在电子能量小于10MeV时,MCNP4B的结果与NCRP-51报告一致,但在10MeV以上,它们间的差别增大.该文结果对早期NCRP-51报告的结果有重要的改进,对于现代产生X射线的电子加速器靶的设计具有参数作用.     

相向超短超强激光脉冲与中间薄膜靶相互作用产生快电子的模型

该文研究的是两束相向超短超激光脉冲与中间薄膜靶相互作用之间产生快电子的一种简单自洽模型理论，由理论推知，当满足一定条件时，由于激光有质动力与靶电子的谐振作用，在靶表面的电子云层中的电子被强烈加速产生快速高能电子。     

新型碳酚醛中的辐射热激波衰减特性

采用PVDF压电测量技术,在“闪光Ⅱ号”脉冲电子束加速器上,进行了新型碳酚醛复合材料（C/PH）的热激波传播实验研究;利用波传播过程中的渐进近似理论所推导出的波传播衰减公式,对C/PH材料中的脉冲波衰减进行了理论分析.结果表明：在电子束能通量为312～531 J/cm^2和电子平均能量为0.422～0.697 MeV条件下,对厚度为4 mm的碳酚醛靶而言,其热激波应力峰值为0.807～2.223 GPa;热激波在靶中的衰减与波的强度和脉冲宽度有关,对于强度相同的热激波,脉冲持续时间越短,热激波的衰减则越快;对于脉冲宽度一定的热激波,热激波的强度越高,则其衰减越快.实验结果和解析公式具有较好的一致性.     

医用高能电子在介质中轫致辐射研究

目的研究医用高能电子在介质中轫致辐射带来的影响．方法利用蒙特卡罗程序EGS4软件包中的新版本EGSnrc详细地研究了高能电子束在类人体介质中所产生的轫致辐射光子的剂量和通量分布.模拟的高能电子束能量是放射治疗中常用的电子束能量（4-22MeV）.结果1）在类人体介质中同一深度处,随着入射电子能量的增加,轫致辐射产生的剂量值也增加.2）对于相同入射能量的电子,在水中和肌肉组织中的同一深度,轫致辐射产生的剂量值非常相近,但是在骨中的剂量值明显增大.3）电子在人体介质（肌肉组织、骨）中轫致辐射的剂量约为总剂量的     

飞秒激光脉冲倍频的实验研究

利用2mmKDP晶体对中心波长790nm、脉冲宽度75fs、晶体表面强度约1011W/cm2的超短超强激光脉冲进行了倍频实验研究。通过对基频脉冲能量及频率啁啾的优化,可以获得高于40%的能量转化效率。观测了基频脉冲频率啁啾对倍频光产生的影响,发现激光脉冲啁啾为零时对应的倍频转化效率最高;对于相同的光栅相对位置,正啁啾基频脉冲的倍频转化效率高于负啁啾。     

超短超强激光与等离子体相互作用中质子发射一些研究进展

超短超强激光与等离子体相互作用中得到的高能质子在质子成像、粒子加速、诊断超短超强激光与等离子体相互作用的物理过程、“快点火”和治疗癌症等方面有一定的应用。使得对超短超强激光与等离子体相互作用得到的高能质子的研究成为目前的研究热点。文章综述了产生质子的两种主要加速机制以及在不同实验条件下超短超强激光与等离子体相互作用过程中得到质子的能量、角分布、产额以及相关的原理。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

The Analects and the Moment in Peking——The influence of a Confucian education system on the personality formation,the way of thinking and the fate of the main characters

0.Preface China has long been boasting of its colorful and immense culture which comprises of Taoism,Confucianism and Buddhism.The interwoven influence among the religions on Chinese way of thinking,on the nation＇s behavior in their social life throughout the long history is beyond list.