舞毒蛾几丁质酶的研究进展

舞毒蛾是一种世界性林业害虫,在我国各省均有分布。舞毒蛾幼虫主要蚕食果树、柳树等树木的树叶．严重危害林业安全。文章介绍了舞毒蛾的危害、几丁质酶的相关知识及舞毒蛾几丁质酶的研究现状．并对应用几丁质酶防治舞毒蛾的前景进行了论述。     

阿利效应及其对生物入侵和自然保护中小种群管理的启示

目前人类活动导致的生境破碎化，对生物多样性有着极大威胁. 生境破碎化后出现许多小种群，小种群很容易受到阿利效应的影响而加速灭绝；外来物种在其入侵过程中也存在着阿利效应，阿利效应对生物入侵的影响已引起国际生态学界的关注. 介绍了阿利效应的定义、作用方式及影响因素. 通过对相关案例的分析，得出外来物种在入侵初期会因为繁殖困难、密度低或周围环境等原因存在阿利效应；阿利效应影响物种的入侵速度、入侵策略和在入侵地区的生存. 由于阿利效应的影响，濒危物种可能因为种群大小处于临界点以下而趋于灭绝. 针对这些情况总结了阿利效应对入侵物种防治和濒危物种保护中小种群管理的启示.     

5种林分中性信息素对亚洲型舞毒蛾的诱捕作用

【目的】亚洲型舞毒蛾雌蛾飞行能力较强且寄主范围广,存在较大的潜在危害。探究亚洲型舞毒蛾在不同林分中的发生规律,并分析不同气象因素对其诱捕的影响,以此为亚洲型舞毒蛾的有效防控提供参考。【方法】利用人工合成的舞毒蛾性信息素(+)-Disparlure作为诱芯进行林间诱捕试验,分析不同林分中诱捕的雄蛾数量以及不同天气林间诱捕量。【结果】在榆树(Ulmus pumila)、白桦(Betula platyphylla)、蒙古栎(Quercus mongolica)、樟子松(Pinus sylvestris var. mongilica)和兴安落叶松(Larix gmelinii)等5种林分中,用性信息素诱芯分别诱捕到舞毒蛾雄蛾34、30、29、9、15头,在榆树林、白桦林和蒙古栎林中的诱捕量与其他两种林分中的诱捕量差异显著(P<0.05,n=3)。在榆树林中最先到达雄蛾的诱捕始盛期。在榆树林、白桦林和兴安落叶松林中最先到达雄蛾的诱捕高峰期,其次为樟子松林和蒙古栎林。各林分中到达雄蛾诱捕盛末期的时间接近。气象因子对诱蛾量有明显的影响,风力为三级时与一级、二级相比,诱蛾量显著减少。日最高和最低温度均会影响诱蛾量,对温度与诱蛾量之间进行相关性拟合,发现日最低温度为14～23 ℃时,诱捕量与日最低温度呈线性正相关,日平均诱捕量随着日最低温度的升高而增大。【结论】舞毒蛾的发生情况受到林地内寄主植物、风力和气温的影响。榆树林中诱捕到的舞毒蛾数量最多,樟子松林中最少。风力过大会导致诱蛾量显著降低,日最高气温在26～30 ℃是舞毒蛾雄蛾活动的最适温度范围。     

船舶压载水外来生物入侵传播的防治

对世界范围内目前正在使用的或正在研究的治理船舶压载水外来生物入侵的技术手段和治理措施等进行了比较详细地阐述,提出控制船舶压载水的排放以及研究较为有效的压载水治理方法是解决压载水携带外来物种入侵性传播的有效途径.     

Biodiversity as a barrier to ecological invasion

Biological invasions are a pervasive and costly environmental problem that has been the focus of intense management and research activities over the past half century. Yet accurate predictions of community susceptibility to invasion remain elusive. The diversity resistance hypothesis, which argues that diverse communities are highly competitive and readily resist invasion, is supported by both theory and experimental studies conducted at small spatial scales. However, there is also convincing evidence that the relationship between the diversity of native and invading species is positive when measured at regional scales. Although this latter relationship may arise from extrinsic factors, such as resource heterogeneity, that covary with diversity of native and invading species at large scales, the mechanisms conferring greater invasion resistance to diverse communities at local scales remain unknown. Using neighbourhood analyses, a technique from plant competition studies, we show here that species diversity in small experimental grassland plots enhances invasion resistance by increasing crowding and species richness in localized plant neighbourhoods. Both the establishment (number of invaders) and success (proportion of invaders that are large) of invading plants are reduced. These results suggest that local biodiversity represents an important line of defence against the spread of invaders.     

Genetic variation increases during biological invasion by a Cuban lizard

A genetic paradox exists in invasion biology: how do introduced populations, whose genetic variation has probably been depleted by population bottlenecks, persist and adapt to new conditions? Lessons from conservation genetics show that reduced genetic variation due to genetic drift and founder effects limits the ability of a population to adapt, and small population size increases the risk of extinction. Nonetheless, many introduced species experiencing these same conditions during initial introductions persist, expand their ranges, evolve rapidly and become invasive. To address this issue, we studied the brown anole, a worldwide invasive lizard. Genetic analyses indicate that at least eight introductions have occurred in Florida from across this lizard's native range, blending genetic variation from different geographic source populations and producing populations that contain substantially more, not less, genetic variation than native populations. Moreover, recently introduced brown anole populations around the world originate from Florida, and some have maintained these elevated levels of genetic variation. Here we show that one key to invasion success may be the occurrence of multiple introductions that transform among-population variation in native ranges to within-population variation in introduced areas. Furthermore, these genetically variable populations may be particularly potent sources for introductions elsewhere. The growing problem of invasive species introductions brings considerable economic and biological costs. If these costs are to be mitigated, a greater understanding of the causes, progression and consequences of biological invasions is needed.     

广东农业外来有害生物空心莲子草入侵的历史阶段与特点

空心莲子草是广东的重要入侵植物之一,在广东的大部分地区均有分布,对广东的农业、水上交通、自然生态等产生较大的危害.文章对空心莲子草的历史阶段与特点进行研究可对其生长习性、入侵规律有更好的了解,有利于对其进行更好的防治与利用.空心莲子草在广东的入侵共分为三个历史阶段,第一阶段为引进与逸生时期（1970-1979年）,野生种群规模小、分散,对广东的地区的危害不大;第二阶段为建立种群与快速蔓延时期（1980-1999年）,入侵范围的不断增加,危害较大,莲草直胸跳甲对防治空心莲子草产生了一定防控作用;第三阶段为大规模危害与开发利用时期（2000年至今）,种群规模更大、危害的生境不断增加、危害范围进一步扩散,但防治技术并有一定程度的提高.     

介绍中国生物入侵网

为了预防和控制破坏生物多样性、生态系统稳定性、严重影响人类生活、造成重大经济损失的生物入侵,从2000年开始着手建立了中国第一个生物入侵专业网站———中国生物入侵网(http://www.bioinvasion.org).该网成为对我国生物入侵进行预警、学术交流及提高公众意识的重要数据库和平台.前后经过2次重大改版,以期将其建设为一个界面友好、功能完善、数据丰富详实、可扩展性强的生物入侵专业网站.     

Ecosystem carbon loss with woody plant invasion of grasslands

The invasion of woody vegetation into deserts, grasslands and savannas is generally thought to lead to an increase in the amount of carbon stored in those ecosystems. For this reason, shrub and forest expansion (for example, into grasslands) is also suggested to be a substantial, if uncertain, component of the terrestrial carbon sink. Here we investigate woody plant invasion along a precipitation gradient (200 to 1,100 mm yr(-1)) by comparing carbon and nitrogen budgets and soil delta(13)C profiles between six pairs of adjacent grasslands, in which one of each pair was invaded by woody species 30 to 100 years ago. We found a clear negative relationship between precipitation and changes in soil organic carbon and nitrogen content when grasslands were invaded by woody vegetation, with drier sites gaining, and wetter sites losing, soil organic carbon. Losses of soil organic carbon at the wetter sites were substantial enough to offset increases in plant biomass carbon, suggesting that current land-based assessments may overestimate carbon sinks. Assessments relying on carbon stored from woody plant invasions to balance emissions may therefore be incorrect.     

Multivariate coupling mechanism of NOCTUIDAE moth wings’ surface superhydrophobicity

The surface shape, structure, biomaterial and wettability of moth wings (10 NOCTUIDAE species) from the northeast region of China were qualitatively and quantitatively studied by means of a stereoscopic microscope, a scanning electronic microscope, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR) and the interface contact angle measurement. The observation shows that there are scales arranged like overlapping tiles on the surface of the moth wings. The shapes of the scales are different between species. They overlap horizontally and there is particular space vertically in the direction of the wing veins. The surface of the scale is structured by micron-class grooves and nanometer-class vertical gibbosities. The biomaterial components of the moth wing scale are mostly made up of protein, lipids and chitin. The observation also shows that the contact angle for wings with scales is in the range from 144.8° to 152.9°, while that for those without scales is from 90.0° to 115.9°. It indicates that the surfaces of the wings with scales are more hydrophobic. According as Cassie model, the equation of wettability on the NOCTUIDAE moth wing surface is established and the hydrophobic mechanism is analyzed. It is concluded that the hydrophobicity of the moth wings is induced by the multivariate coupling of the shape, structures and biomaterial of the scales. Supported by the Key Research Project under the National Natural Science Foundation (Grant No. 50635030), Specialized Research Fund for Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China (Grant No. 20040183048) and Graduate Student Innovation Foundation of JiLin University (985 Project) (Grant No. 20080210)     

厦门海洋生物外来物种和生物入侵

生物入侵是指外来种在某地区定居、繁衍、扩散,并造成危害的过程.生物入侵已成为全球性的环境问题,它对生态系统、环境和社会经济的影响日益明显.本文讨论互花米草（Spartina alterniflora Loisel）和沙饰贝（Mytilopsis salleReeluz）的分类学、生物学及其在厦门的引入、扩散过程,简要分析厦门海洋生物入侵的现状、危害及治理方法,指出对外来海洋生物入侵开展全面深入的研究和治理势在必行.     

长青保护区大熊猫、金丝猴、羚牛种群数量监测报告

于2001年,采用截线法对长青保护区30条样线进行了调查,并与1988年以来的调查结果进行了对比.结果显示,2001年大熊猫为109只,大熊猫种群数量变化趋势处于稳定期,分布区有所增加;羚牛种群数量为403只,数量和分布区增加较快;金丝猴种群数量为470～630只,种群数量和分布区处于恢复时期.加强宣传教育、监测、栖息地恢复、参与式保护是重点物种管理的当务之急.     

核桃举肢蛾监测方法与防治技术

介绍了汾阳市核桃举肢蛾的分布与危害、形态特征、生活史与生物学特性,提出了核桃举肢蛾的监测方法与防治技术。     

应用部分马尔科夫博弈的网络安全主动响应决策模型

针对传统被动响应模型滞后于攻击且频繁误警和虚警导致不当响应的问题,提出一种基于部分马尔科夫博弈(POMG)的主动响应决策模型.该模型针对入侵过程生成入侵状态转换图,并根据攻击过程中得到的观察事件匹配入侵状态转换图,在考虑状态不确定的情况下确定系统信念状态.将概率值超过信念状态阈值的状态作为初始节点生成入侵状态转换子图,根据子图的入侵过程确定攻防策略集,最终利用POMG算法选择最优主动响应策略.实验结果表明,基于POMG的主动响应模型较映射型模型响应速度快67%,平均响应效率高24.5%.     

舞毒蛾非线性模型及其动态

从森林－舞毒蛾－寄生天敌系统的相互作用机理出发,组建了描述这个系统动力学行为的非线性离散模型：Ｆｔ＋１＝Ｆｔｅｘｐ（ｒ－ｒ（Ｆｔ＋ｂｃＧｔ）／Ｋ）,Ｇｔ＋１＝ｓＧ１ｅｘｐ（ｍ（ａＦ－ｃＧ）／Ｋ－ｑ１Ｐｔ）,Ｐｔ＋１＝ｗＧｔ（１－ｅｘｐ（－ｑＲｔ））,讨论了模型的平衡态及其稳定性以及舞毒蛾的非线性动力学行为,分析和模拟结果与舞毒蛾的动态行为是一致的,同时通过对模型的时间态动态以及各参数变化对模型动态     

赤松毛虫质型多角体病毒对松毛虫体内微生物区系的影响

用日本赤松毛虫质型多角体病毒(DSCPV)感染处理文山松毛虫(Dendrolimus puctatus wenshanensis),从处理前后的松毛虫体中均分离出了真菌和细菌,由于病毒的感染,引起松毛虫体内微生物区系发生了明显变化。其中真菌的曲霉属、青霉属等处理后大为减少,枝孢霉属、木霉属不再出现,而短梗霉属、盘多毛孢属、根霉属、毛壳菌属、酵母菌属、交链孢属、假丝酵母属则在处理后新出现。细菌中葡萄球菌属、氮单胞菌属等处理后减少,而芽孢杆菌属、不动细菌属、分枝杆菌属等则增多或新出现。总趋势是细菌在数量和种群的变化上都不如真菌大     

加拿大一枝黄花入侵对杨树人工林土壤呼吸的影响

【目的】杨树是我国重要的人工林栽培树种,近年大量的加拿大一枝黄花(Solidago canadensis L.)入侵杨树人工林生态系统,研究加拿大一枝黄花对杨树人工林土壤呼吸的影响,有助于进一步认识陆地人工林生态系统的地下碳(C)循环对植物入侵的响应及其机制。【方法】2018年11月以江苏省东台林场内加拿大一枝黄花入侵和未入侵的8年生相同立地条件下杨树人工林群落为研究对象并建立固定样地,采用长期野外试验监测的研究方法对土壤呼吸以及土壤温度和湿度进行监测,同时钻取土芯测定样地土壤理化性质,对比加拿大一枝黄花入侵与未入侵条件下杨树人工林群落土壤呼吸的变化规律,探讨加拿大一枝黄花入侵杨树人工林后各个非生物因子变化对土壤呼吸的影响。【结果】加拿大一枝黄花的入侵显著增加了杨树人工林的土壤呼吸(P <0.001),且主导这种变化的非生物因子是入侵导致的土壤湿度的变化。加拿大一枝黄花入侵会通过改变土壤理化性质来影响土壤呼吸,显著增加杨树人工林的土壤湿度(P <0.001),同时显著增加土壤总氮含量(P <0.05),降低土壤碳氮比(P <0.05),但对于土壤总碳含量的增加并不显著(P >0.05),对土壤温度和pH的影响也不显著(P >0.05)。【结论】加拿大一枝黄花的入侵增加了杨树人工林土壤系统二氧化碳的排放量,增加了土壤系统的C损失,改变了杨树人工林土壤的C交换过程。     

浅谈船舶压载水处理技术(英文)

外来生物的入侵对生态环境、人类健康及经济发展带来了巨大的负面影响.控制船舶压载水的排放以及研究较为有效的压载水治理方法是解决外来物种通过压载水入侵的有效途径.对目前正在使用的或正在研究中的船舶压载水处理技术等进行比较详细地阐述,分析各种方法的利弊,提出最有效可行的压载水处理方法.     

Exploring the epidemic transmission network of SARS in-out flow in mainland China

The changing spatiotemporal patterns of the individual susceptible-infected-symptomatic-treated-recovered epidemic process and the interactions of information/material flows between regions,along with the 2002-2003 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome(SARS) epidemiological investigation data in mainland China,including three typical locations of individuals(working unit/home address,onset location and reporting unit),are used to define the in-out flow of the SARS epidemic spread.Moreover,the input/output transmission networks of the SARS epidemic are built according to the definition of in-out flow.The spatiotemporal distribution of the SARS in-out flow,spatial distribution and temporal change of node characteristic parameters,and the structural characteristics of the SARS transmission networks are comprehensively and systematically explored.The results show that(1) Beijing and Guangdong had the highest risk of self-spread and output cases,and prevention/control measures directed toward self-spread cases in Beijing should have focused on the later period of the SARS epidemic;(2) the SARS transmission networks in mainland China had significant clustering characteristics,with two clustering areas of output cases centered in Beijing and Guangdong;(3) Guangdong was the original source of the SARS epidemic,and while the infected cases of most other provinces occurred mainly during the early period,there was no significant spread to the surrounding provinces;in contrast,although the input/output interactions between Beijing and the other provinces countrywide began during the mid-late epidemic period,SARS in Beijing showed a significant capacity for spatial spreading;(4) Guangdong had a significant range of spatial spreading throughout the entire epidemic period,while Beijing and its surrounding provinces formed a separate,significant range of high-risk spreading during the mid-late period;especially in late period,the influence range of Beijing’s neighboring provinces,such as Hebei,was even slightly larger than that of Beijing;and(5) the input network had a low-intensity spread capacity and middle-level influence range,while the output network had an extensive high-intensity spread capacity and influence range that covered almost the entire country,and this spread and influence indicated that significant clustering characteristics increased gradually.This analysis of the epidemic in-out flow and its corresponding transmission network helps reveal the potential spatiotemporal characteristics and evolvement mechanism of the SARS epidemic and provides more effective theoretical support for prevention and control measures.     

采用修正弦线模量法预测基础的非线性沉降

提出在无粘性土地基中依据载荷试验测试数据反求不同应力水平条件下地基土的修正弦线模量,然后采用该参数预测地基非线性沉降的计算方法,并采用Briaud和Gibbens所做的一系列砂土地基中的基础加载试验成果进行验证.验证时首先根据1m×1m小基础的荷载沉降观测资料反求地基土的修正弦线模量,然后采用分层总和法计算1.5 m×...