Determinants of establishment success in introduced birds.

A major component of human-induced global change is the deliberate or accidental translocation of species from their native ranges to alien environments, where they may cause substantial environmental and economic damage. Thus we need to understand why some introductions succeed while others fail. Successful introductions tend to be concentrated in certain regions, especially islands and the temperate zone, suggesting that species-rich mainland and tropical locations are harder to invade because of greater biotic resistance. However, this pattern could also reflect variation in the suitability of the abiotic environment at introduction locations for the species introduced, coupled with known confounding effects of nonrandom selection of species and locations for introduction. Here, we test these alternative hypotheses using a global data set of historical bird introductions, employing a statistical framework that accounts for differences among species and regions in terms of introduction success. By removing these confounding effects, we show that the pattern of avian introduction success is not consistent with the biotic resistance hypothesis. Instead, success depends on the suitability of the abiotic environment for the exotic species at the introduction site.     

中华青鳉纳帕海种群性状描述及与模式标本产地种群比较

濒危鱼类中华青鳉(Oryzias sinensis)种群因食蚊鱼(Gambusia affinis)的广泛入侵而严重下降,它的任何新种群被发现均具有重要意义。云南国际重要湿地纳帕海中华青鳉种群2016年6月13~17日被首次发现,由于该地为中华青鳉已知海拔最高(约3 260 m)的栖息区域,该地种群具有特殊的保护生物学研究价值。为确定其是否为中华青鳉物种及其性状是否发生区域性特化,对该种群进行了分类形态的检视及描述;并将之与模式标本产地种群的可数及可量性状差异进行了比较。分析发现两种群在可数性状基本相似,而在部分可量形态性状上出现统计意义上的显著差异。进一步利用多元统计分析方法研究显示两种群形态性状重叠明显,揭示它们在分类性状上的差异可能是种内不同地理种群适应不同栖息生境所产生分化差异所致,可以确认纳帕海种群为中华青鳉地理种群之一;而形态形状的差异是否暗示纳帕海种群已经发生了适应高原高寒环境的变异则尚待分子遗传学方面的进一步研究。     

阿利效应及其对生物入侵和自然保护中小种群管理的启示

目前人类活动导致的生境破碎化，对生物多样性有着极大威胁. 生境破碎化后出现许多小种群，小种群很容易受到阿利效应的影响而加速灭绝；外来物种在其入侵过程中也存在着阿利效应，阿利效应对生物入侵的影响已引起国际生态学界的关注. 介绍了阿利效应的定义、作用方式及影响因素. 通过对相关案例的分析，得出外来物种在入侵初期会因为繁殖困难、密度低或周围环境等原因存在阿利效应；阿利效应影响物种的入侵速度、入侵策略和在入侵地区的生存. 由于阿利效应的影响，濒危物种可能因为种群大小处于临界点以下而趋于灭绝. 针对这些情况总结了阿利效应对入侵物种防治和濒危物种保护中小种群管理的启示.     

Introduced species and their missing parasites

Damage caused by introduced species results from the high population densities and large body sizes that they attain in their new location. Escape from the effects of natural enemies is a frequent explanation given for the success of introduced species. Because some parasites can reduce host density and decrease body size, an invader that leaves parasites behind and encounters few new parasites can experience a demographic release and become a pest. To test whether introduced species are less parasitized, we have compared the parasites of exotic species in their native and introduced ranges, using 26 host species of molluscs, crustaceans, fishes, birds, mammals, amphibians and reptiles. Here we report that the number of parasite species found in native populations is twice that found in exotic populations. In addition, introduced populations are less heavily parasitized (in terms of percentage infected) than are native populations. Reduced parasitization of introduced species has several causes, including reduced probability of the introduction of parasites with exotic species (or early extinction after host establishment), absence of other required hosts in the new location, and the host-specific limitations of native parasites adapting to new hosts.     

弱耦合三种群反应扩散模型的全局渐近稳定性

近年来,随着入侵种的增加,多种群的反应扩散模型开始应用于入侵生态理论的研究.多种群的反应扩散模型可将空间、种群间相互作用过程融合进入侵速率的预测之中,且模型中连续参数的使用不受尺度限制,适用空间尺度较广.该文研究了一类非线性三种群弱耦合食饵-捕食者反应扩散模型的初边值问题,通过构造合适的常数上下解以及相应的迭代方式,得到了该系统在齐次Neumann边值条件下平凡解和非负半平凡解的全局渐近稳定性的充分性条件.所得结果揭示了通过控制种群自身的出生率、种间、种内相互作用率来达到某些种群消失、某些种群持续生存的现象.这些稳定性条件易于验证且与扩散系数无关,因此,该结论也适用于某个di=0或所有di=0的相应的抛物-常微分系统.     

Rapid evolution in response to high-temperature selection

Temperature is an important environmental factor affecting all organisms, and there is ample evidence from comparative physiology that species and even conspecific populations can adapt genetically to different temperature regimes. But the effect of these adaptations on fitness and the rapidity of their evolution is unknown, as is the extent to which they depend on pre-existing genetic variation rather than new mutations. We have begun a study of the evolutionary adaptation of Escherichia coli to different temperature regimes, taking advantage of the large population sizes and short generation times in experiments on this bacterial species. We report significant improvement in temperature-specific fitness of lines maintained at 42 degrees C for 200 generations (about one month). These changes in fitness are due to selection on de novo mutations and show that some biological systems can evolve rapidly in response to changes in environmental factors such as temperature.     

生物入侵对物种及遗传资源影响的经济评估

外来入侵物种对物种多样性产生的严重影响主要表现为排挤本地动植物，导致局部种群的消亡，造成局部高密度分布的稀有物种绝灭。外来入侵物种对遗传多样性的影响主要体现在：种群破碎化，导致遗传漂变和近亲交配；本地种与外来种杂交，造成遗传污染；局部野生、原始种群消失，导致遗传材料减少。在定性分析生物入侵对我国物种及遗传资源影响的基础上，笔者以政府有关部门统计数据和典型案例报道为主要信息源，评估了2000年生物入侵对物种的潜在保留价值和作物遗传资源造成的直接经济损失。结果表明：生物入侵对我国物种资源和作物遗传资源造成的经济损失分别为7104．14万元和11028．4万元。     

Cryptic genetic variation promotes rapid evolutionary adaptation in an RNA enzyme

Cryptic variation is caused by the robustness of phenotypes to mutations. Cryptic variation has no effect on phenotypes in a given genetic or environmental background, but it can have effects after mutations or environmental change. Because evolutionary adaptation by natural selection requires phenotypic variation, phenotypically revealed cryptic genetic variation may facilitate evolutionary adaptation. This is possible if the cryptic variation happens to be pre-adapted, or "exapted", to a new environment, and is thus advantageous once revealed. However, this facilitating role for cryptic variation has not been proven, partly because most pertinent work focuses on complex phenotypes of whole organisms whose genetic basis is incompletely understood. Here we show that populations of RNA enzymes with accumulated cryptic variation adapt more rapidly to a new substrate than a population without cryptic variation. A detailed analysis of our evolving RNA populations in genotype space shows that cryptic variation allows a population to explore new genotypes that become adaptive only in a new environment. Our observations show that cryptic variation contains new genotypes pre-adapted to a changed environment. Our results highlight the positive role that robustness and epistasis can have in adaptive evolution.     

外来种入侵与生态安全

世界的生物多样性正受到严重威胁，其中，生物入侵已成为威胁生物多样性的重要因素之一，近年来，外来种入侵对我国生物多样性的危害日益加剧，已经危及到我国的生态安全，为此从介绍与外来种入侵有关的概念入手，分析了外来种入侵的途径，生物入侵对我国生态环境、生物多样性（包括物种多样性和遗传多样性）、经济及社会的严重影响，提出在外来种入侵的防治和管理方面，应根据我国国情和目前生物入侵的实际状况，加强国家能力、研究能力和监管能力建设，确保我国的生态安全。     

Genetic relationships among Chinese and American isolates of Phytophthora sojae assessed by RAPD markers

The genetic diversity of three geographic populations of Phytophthora sojae from China and the United States was determined using random amplified polymorphic DNA （RAPD）. The purpose was to explore genetic relationships among Chinese and American isolates of the organism. 21 random primers were selected among 200 random primers screened. A total of 223 reproducible RAPD fragments were scored among 111 individuals, of which 199 （89.23%） were polymorphic. Analysis of genetic variation showed that there existed higher genetic variation in the United States population in comparison to the Chinese populations. Nei＇s genetic identity and principal component analysis indicated that the populations of Fujian and United States are closer to each other than to Heilongjiang populations. Shannon-Wiener diversity index revealed that the United States populations have a higher genetic di- versity than that of Chinese populations. These data are in support of the hypothesis that P. sojae in the United States might not have been introduced from China.     

Invasion and the evolution of speed in toads

Cane toads (Bufo marinus) are large anurans (weighing up to 2 kg) that were introduced to Australia 70 years ago to control insect pests in sugar-cane fields. But the result has been disastrous because the toads are toxic and highly invasive. Here we show that the annual rate of progress of the toad invasion front has increased about fivefold since the toads first arrived; we find that toads with longer legs can not only move faster and are the first to arrive in new areas, but also that those at the front have longer legs than toads in older (long-established) populations. The disaster looks set to turn into an ecological nightmare because of the negative effects invasive species can have on native ecosystems; over many generations, rates of invasion will be accelerated owing to rapid adaptive change in the invader, with continual 'spatial selection' at the expanding front favouring traits that increase the toads' dispersal.     

MHC II DRB variation and trans-species polymorphism in the golden snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus roxellana)

Genetic variation is generally believed to be important in studying endangered species’ adaptive potential.Early studies assessed genetic diversity using nearly neutral markers,such as microsatellite loci and mitochondrial DNA(mtDNA),which are very informative for phylogenetic and phylogeographic reconstructions.However,the variation at these loci cannot provide direct information on selective processes involving the interaction of individuals with their environment,or on the capability to resist continuously evolving pathogens and parasites.The importance of genetic diversity at informative adaptive markers,such as major histocompatibility complex(MHC) genes,is increasingly being realized,especially in endangered,isolated species.Small population size and isolation make the golden snub-nosed monkey(Rhinopithecus roxellana) particularly susceptible to genetic variation losses through inbreeding and restricted gene flow.In this study,we compared the genetic variation and population structure of microsatellites,mtDNA,and the most relevant adaptive region of the MHC II-DRB genes in the golden snub-nosed monkey.We examined three Chinese R.roxellana populations and found the same variation patterns in all gene regions,with the population from Shennongjia population,Hubei Province,showing the lowest polymorphism among three populations.Genetic drift that outweighed balancing selection and the founder effect in these populations may explain the similar genetic variation pattern found in these neutral and adaptive genes.     

Microsatellite and mitochondrial DNA assessment of the genetic diversity of captive Saiga antelopes (Saiga tatarica) in China

To estimate the genetic diversity of the only captive Saiga antelope(Saiga tatarica) population in China,40 umbilical cord samples were collected and mitochondrial(control region) and nuclear(microsatellite) variabilities were assessed.Both of the markers revealed low genetic variability(or high genetic homogeneity) within the population.The microsatellites yielded monitoring ranges of 2-6 alleles.The observed heterozygosities ranged from 0.28 to 0.83,and the expected heterozygosities were between 0.27 and 0.71.The Shannon information index(Shannon I) and Polymorphic Information Content(PIC) presented overall means of 0.87 and 0.43,respectively.The gene diversity was 0.49.We found only two haplotypes in the population,and the haplotype and nucleotide diversities were 39.1% and 1.13%,respectively.Founder events,bottlenecks and inbreeding have contributed to the low genetic variation observed in this population.Our findings revealed the extent of genetic diversity maintained in the present population and the urgency of implementing a protection plan,introducing animals from other populations to enhance saiga’s genetic variation.     

用45个SNP位点组合对国家啮齿类实验动物种子中心3个封闭群小鼠群体的遗传状况分析

摘要：目的 利用单核苷酸多态性位点对国家啮齿类实验动物种子中心3个封闭群小鼠群体进行群体遗传结构分析。方法 选取文献中45个SNP位点,采用基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱(MALDI-TOF-MS)技术对来自国家啮齿类实验动物种子中心北京和上海分中心的ICR各1个群体,上海分中心的1个KM封闭群小鼠样本进行等位基因分型,分析群体遗传结构,并进行群体间遗传差异分析。结果 3个封闭群小鼠有效等位基因数(Ne)、观察杂合度(Ho)、期望杂合度(He)、平均杂合度(Ha)、多态信息含量(PIC)、香隆信息指数等遗传参数各不相同。同一群体的结果与微卫星DNA和生化位点的结果相比,SNP检测的参数值较低。但将3个群体中单态的SNP位点去除后参数值有所上升,尤其香隆指数值与STR检测结果接近。结论 所选SNP位点可用于封闭群小鼠遗传质量检测,所检测的3个群体遗传多样性用杂合度评价为SKM >BICR >SICR。     

林木群体遗传分化的多元分析

首次揭示了群体遗传分化度量ＦＳＴ与典型相关分析有一定内在联系，进而指出了以往广泛采用的ＦＳＴ方法在区分遗传群体时的弱点，从理论上证实了多元分析方法是研究群体遗传变异分布的有效方法。运用典型相关分析，对杉木分布区内１６个群体的２２个同功酶基因位点数据进行了分析，给出了杉木群体较为详细的遗传变异分布模式，从而揭示了杉木群体间也存在较高程度的遗传分化。     

江蓠属和龙须菜属5种海藻ITS序列分子系统学分析

测定了江蓠属Gracilaria和龙须菜属Gracilariopsis 5个物种的23个群体的ITS(含5.8S rDNA)序列,并结合GenBank数据库中现有江蓠科Gracilariaceae的16个物种的ITS序列进行分析,在不同分类阶元中探讨了序列变异和和系统进化关系。江蓠科海藻ITS序列长度在893～1 508 bp之间,种间遗传距离在0.041～0.600之间,种内遗传距离在0.000～0.012之间,其种间遗传距离均大于种内遗传距离;ITS系统发育聚类结果显示江蓠科分为两大分支,分别是江蓠属/Hydropuntia分支、龙须菜属/蓠生藻属Gracilariophila分支;江蓠科海藻5.8S序列种内种间变异很小,但存在稳定的属间区分位点,可用于属以上水平的分类鉴定;中国、美国和俄罗斯三地的真江蓠群体的ITS序列存在9个稳定的变异位点,可以将不同地理群体区分开。     

应用微卫星标记对三个昆明小鼠封闭群的遗传学研究

目的检测和分析我国主要昆明小鼠群体的遗传背景、遗传多样性及其遗传分离情况,为建立标准化昆明小鼠种群及其遗传背景建立和监测提供基础资料。方法应用筛选获得的15个微卫星标记及其荧光标记-半自动基因分型技术,对我国国家啮齿类实验动物种子中心(北京种群)、国家啮齿类实验动物种子中心上海分中心(上海种群)、国家啮齿类实验动物种子中心上海分中心与上海第一生化制药厂的融合F1代(融合种群)昆明小鼠种群进行遗传检测和分析,评估各群体的遗传背景、遗传多样性、群体间的遗传关系及进行品系融合后的遗传学变化。结果3个昆明小鼠种群在15个微卫星位点共检测到92个等位基因,每位点2～13个,平均6.13个;平均期望杂合度为0.5721,表明昆明小鼠具有较好的遗传多样性。北京种群、上海种群、融合种群分别检测到61、63、51个等位基因,其在15个微卫星位点的平均期望杂合度分别为0.4923、0.5177、0.4550,表明上海种群的遗传多样性略大于北京种群,融合种群的遗传多样性低于北京和上海种群。从等位基因组成上看,上海种群与融合种群共有基因数最多(43个),表明其较小的遗传差异;而北京种群和上海种群(37个)、北京种群和融合种群(32个)的共有基因数均明显少于上海种群和融合种群间的共有基因,表明北京种群和上海种群及融合种群间较大的遗传差异。群体间遗传变异分析表明,上海种群和融合种群间的遗传分化程度很弱,其Fst值为0.0222,遗传距离为0.0279;北京种群和上海种群遗传分化为中等,其Fst值为0.1433,遗传距离为0.3881;北京种群与融合种群间有较大遗传分化程度,其Fst值为0.1667,遗传距离为0.4162;根据Nei遗传距离进行UPGMA系统聚类表明上海种群和融合种群先聚为一类,再与北京种群聚为一类。结论利用15个微卫星标记,初步确定了3个昆明小鼠群体的遗传背景,从分子水平表明不同生产单位的昆明小鼠种群间具有中等或较大的遗传分化程度,种群融合过程中应采取适当措施避免封闭群遗传基因的丢失从而造成遗传多样性减少,研究结果为建立标准化昆明小鼠种群及其遗传背景建立和监测提供了基础资料。     

Relative fitness can decrease in evolving asexual populations of S. cerevisiae

It is generally accepted from the darwinian theory of evolution that a progressive increase in population adaptation will occur in populations containing genetic variation in fitness, until a stable equilibrium is reached and/or the additive genetic variation is exhausted. However, the theoretical literature of population genetics documents exceptions where mean population fitness may decrease in response to evolutionary changes in gene frequency, due to varying selective coefficients, sexual selection or to epistatic interactions between loci. Until now, no examples of such exceptions have been documented from fitness estimates in either natural or experimental populations. We present here direct evidence that, as a result of epistatic interactions between adaptive mutations, mean population fitness can decrease in asexual evolving populations of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.     

基于元胞自动机的黄河三角洲互花米草种群扩散动态模拟

以黄河三角洲为研究区,重点考虑互花米草无性扩散过程,基于元胞自动机构建互花米草种群扩散模型．模型模拟了2014—2018年互花米草在黄河三角洲的动态入侵扩散过程,并与遥感解译结果进行对比,对模型进行了率定和验证．进一步对2020年互花米草分布范围进行预测,结果显示互花米草将进一步扩张定植于黄河现行入海口南北两岸的低潮滩区域,分布面积将达到4 118.15 hm2．模型设置了本地植物与互花米草的不同共存情景,模拟结果表明本地植物对互花米草种群扩散影响较小．本模型能较好地重现互花米草在黄河三角洲的入侵扩散过程,可以用来初步预测互花米草在黄河三角洲的扩张趋势,为黄河三角洲外来物种互花米草的生态防控提供科学建议．      

南京椴群体遗传多样性和遗传结构分析

【目的】 南京椴(Tilia miqueliana)为江苏省重要的乡土树种,野外资源稀缺。南京椴野外群体遗传多样性和遗传结构的探索,可为资源保护、品种选育及遗传改良提供依据。【方法】 以南京椴5个天然群体[江苏宝华山(P1)、牛首山(P2)、安徽皇藏峪(P3)、安徽蜀山(P4)和浙江天台山(P5)]93个体为实验材料,选用15对多态性EST-SSR引物,进行遗传多样性及群体遗传结构分析。【结果】 ①用15对引物共检测等位基因数(A)总和为96,平均值为6.4,四倍体基因型(G)和四倍体特异基因型(G_i)总和分别为441和251,特异基因型比率(R₁)和种质鉴别率(R₂)均值分别为45.73%和17.99%。②在5个群体中,每个位点等位基因数(A_loc)和四倍体基因型丰富度均值(G_loc)分别为5.50±2.43和9.41±4.29;平均观测杂合度(H_o)和平均期望杂合度(H_e)为0.61±1.43和0.62±0.14。参考各群体G_loc和H_e值,确定遗传多样性较高的群体为P1和P3。③群体间遗传分化较小,遗传分化系数(G_st)仅为0.030;AMOVA分子变异分析显示,群体多样性水平变异来自于群体内(96%)。④聚类和遗传结构Structure分析显示,5个群体可划分为2组(组1包括P1、P2和P5;组2包括P3和P4)。Mental检验结果表明遗传距离与地理距离之间无显著相关。【结论】 南京椴群体均具有丰富的遗传多样性,其中宝华山群体和皇藏峪群体多样性较高,群体扩张可能是以这两个种群为中心,经人类活动迁移至其他区域。但南京椴群体间未形成明显分化,主要是由于植株寿命长,群体缺乏自然更新,加之群体间存在人为种子传播。因此,本研究提出通过建立隔离区,明确优先保护群体、加大植株异交,并采用人工繁育及种质回迁的方式保护南京椴野外群体。