DNA倍体分析在结直肠肿瘤研究中的新进展

人体正常的体细胞有恒定的DNA2倍体含量，细胞癌变过程中伴随DNA含量的改变，DNA非整倍体细胞是恶性肿瘤的特异性标志。此外，DNA指数对肿瘤的早期诊断、鉴别诊断、判断预后及评价疗效有重要意义。     

食管癌细胞系EC-1和EC-109染色体核型分析

比较人类正常体细胞染色体核型和食管癌细胞系EC-1和EC-109染色体核型,了解食管癌细胞系EC-1和EC-109的细胞遗传特征,为研究食管癌的癌变机理提供了方向．利用秋水仙素、KCl低渗液处理细胞,经卡诺氏固定液固定制备染色体,滴片,进行Giemsa染色、镜检、选取染色体长度适中且分散程度好的染色体拍照,采用Adobe Photoshop软件进行染色体核型分析．结果表明：与正常人类细胞比较,食管癌鳞状上皮细胞系EC-1和EC-109的染色体核型出现明显异常,染色体核型分析为亚三倍体,众数为46～68条．食管癌鳞状上皮细胞系EC-1和EC-109的细胞遗传特征有显著的异常改变,细胞恶性转化特质明显．它们是研究癌变机理的良好细胞模型,可用于研究CNV与癌变的关系等．     

人胚绒毛膜低分子组分的抗癌作用

人胚绒毛膜低分子组分的抗癌作用洪满贤，庞俊涛（生物学系）发育生物学与肿瘤分子生物学研究表明，在胚胎发生过程中存在着一类天然的内源性生理调节因子，对胚胎细胞的稳定增殖、正常分化，防止或抵抗胚胎细胞癌变起调控作用￣［１］．人胚绒毛膜是胎膜的重要部分，可分...     

高光谱成像技术用于肝切片癌变信息的提取

利用自主研发高光谱成像仪,展开了对肝癌组织切片的检测研究。实验过程中采集25例肝癌病理切片,每例切片选择3个视野进行分析,每个视野均包含了肿瘤细胞、正常细胞及淋巴细胞。采集的高光谱图像数据合成假彩色图像中,正常细胞区域呈黄绿色,肿瘤细胞区域呈浅紫色,淋巴细胞呈黑紫色。对特定波长图像进行相减、相除多光谱融合处理后,正常细胞区域亮度较大,肿瘤细胞区域呈暗色。对高光谱图像数据进行光谱解混合运算后,正常细胞和肿瘤细胞区域的颜色呈现明显差异。以上结果表明,从肝癌切片高光谱图像数据中可获取一定的癌变信息,为病理人员诊断肿瘤提供一种有效辅助手段。     

NIH3T3细胞与其癌变细胞的PARP酶被抑制后DNA损伤修复的差异研究

PARP酶 (聚ADP核糖基聚合酶Poly ADP ribosepolymerase ,PARP)对于DNA损伤修复具有重要功能 ,正常细胞及其癌变细胞的该酶对抑制剂的敏感程度可能会有差异 .为此 ,通过姐妹染色体交换频率 ,带报告基因的质粒转化频率 ,以及彗星测定等方法 ,对DNA的损伤修复进行初步的检测 .实验结果表明 ,正常细胞和癌变细胞PARP酶在抑制剂作用下酶活性都会降低 ,但是癌变细胞的PARP酶对抑制剂更为敏感 .     

正常胃肠和癌变胃肠粘膜凝集素受体的研究

ＦＩＴＣ标记的２０种凝集素与正常和癌变胃肠组织的石蜡切片进行标记，结果表明，ＦＩＴＣ－ＰＮＡ和ＦＩＴＣ－ＬＰＬ对正常胃体和幽门上皮细胞呈阴性反应；ＦＩＴＣ－凝集素与胃癌粘膜细胞反应，以ＰＮＡ、ＬＰＬ阳性率最高，与肠癌粘膜细胞反应，则以ＳＭＬ和ＣＫＬ的阳性率最高。实验揭示了癌变胃肠粘膜与正常胃肠粘膜表面的糖复合物各不相同，导致与凝集素结合反应的强度也不相同。     

肿瘤研究新视点——MGMT

MGMT作为一种重要的DNA修复酶对于保护细胞免受环境中的致癌物质和（或）化疗物引起的基因毒起着关键作用，因此在细胞对环境致癌物的易感性与肿瘤对化学药物的耐药性等研究领域，MGMT正受到越来越多研究者的关注。化疗药物作用的有限性一直是困扰肿瘤临床治疗的一大难题，许多人把希望寄托在肿瘤的早期发现与预防上，MGMT作为一种重要的DNA修复酶起着保护细胞免受基因毒的重要作用，利用这一性质，通过检测组织中MGMT的活性水平可以帮助我们预测正常细胞的突变性与肿瘤细胞的耐药性，为肿瘤的早期预防和确定化疗方案提供依据，本文综述了MGMT的一般性质、作用机制和临床意义。     

正常胃肠和癌胃肠粘膜凝集素受体的研究

ＦＩＴＣ标记的２０种凝集素与正常和癌变胃肠组织的石蜡切进行标记，结果表明，ＦＩＴＣ－ＰＡＮ和ＦＩＴＣ－ＬＰＬ对正常胃体和幽门上皮细胞呈阴性反应；ＦＩＴＣ－凝集素与胃癌性粘膜细胞的反应，以ＰＮＡ，ＬＰＬ阳性率最高，与肠癌粘膜细胞反应，则以ＳＭＬ和ＣＫＬ的的阳性率最高。实验揭示了癌变胃肠粘膜与正常胃肠粘膜表面的糖复合和物各不相同，导致与凝集素结合反应的强度也不相同。     

利用模式识别法对未知类型细胞的分类研究

利用模式识别法对60个人的细胞(癌变、正常和未知类型各20个)的各自111条基因的表达值进行了研究,对未知类型的细胞进行了分类,结果表明文中所用方法和所得结论可为有关研究者和相关部门提供操作方法和决策依据.     

Uncoupling of hypomyelination and glial cell death by a mutation in the proteolipid protein gene.

Proteolipid protein (PLP; M(r) 30,000) is a highly conserved major polytopic membrane protein in myelin but its cellular function remains obscure. Neurological mutant mice can often provide model systems for human genetic disorders. Mutations of the X-chromosome-linked PLP gene are lethal, identified first in the jimpy mouse and subsequently in patients with Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease. The unexplained phenotype of these mutations includes degeneration and premature cell death of oligodendrocytes with associated hypomyelination. Here we show that a new mouse mutant rumpshaker is defined by the amino-acid substitution Ile-to-Thr at residue 186 in a membrane-embedded domain of PLP. Surprisingly, rumpshaker mice, although myelin-deficient, have normal longevity and a full complement of morphologically normal oligodendrocytes. Hypomyelination can thus be genetically separated from the PLP-dependent oligodendrocyte degeneration. We suggest that PLP has a vital function in glial cell development, distinct from its later role in myelin assembly, and that this dichotomy of action may explain the clinical spectrum of Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease.     

Transformation from committed progenitor to leukaemia stem cell initiated by MLL-AF9

Leukaemias and other cancers possess a rare population of cells capable of the limitless self-renewal necessary for cancer initiation and maintenance. Eradication of these cancer stem cells is probably a critical part of any successful anti-cancer therapy, and may explain why conventional cancer therapies are often effective in reducing tumour burden, but are only rarely curative. Given that both normal and cancer stem cells are capable of self-renewal, the extent to which cancer stem cells resemble normal tissue stem cells is a critical issue if targeted therapies are to be developed. However, it remains unclear whether cancer stem cells must be phenotypically similar to normal tissue stem cells or whether they can retain the identity of committed progenitors. Here we show that leukaemia stem cells (LSC) can maintain the global identity of the progenitor from which they arose while activating a limited stem-cell- or self-renewal-associated programme. We isolated LSC from leukaemias initiated in committed granulocyte macrophage progenitors through introduction of the MLL-AF9 fusion protein encoded by the t(9;11)(p22;q23). The LSC were capable of transferring leukaemia to secondary recipient mice when only four cells were transferred, and possessed an immunophenotype and global gene expression profile very similar to that of normal granulocyte macrophage progenitors. However, a subset of genes highly expressed in normal haematopoietic stem cells was re-activated in LSC. LSC can thus be generated from committed progenitors without widespread reprogramming of gene expression, and a leukaemia self-renewal-associated signature is activated in the process. Our findings define progression from normal progenitor to cancer stem cell, and suggest that targeting a self-renewal programme expressed in an abnormal context may be possible.     

地震动相位谱与相位差谱分布特征的研究

引入相位差谱主值的概念,讨论了相位（差）谱与其主值分布函数之间的关系,通过将相位（差）谱与其主值加以区别,能有效地克服过去相位谱与相位差谱概率特征的不协调性。在假定相位差谱服从正态分布的条件下,对相位（差）谱主值的概率分布进行数值计算与模拟,结果与Ｏｈｓａｋｉ对实际地震记录的统计结果非常接近,说明本文的思想是合理的。     

外磁场对原子光谱的影响

本文用量子理论讨论外磁场对原子能级及光谱的影响，分析了原子能级及跃迁光谱线在外磁场中的分裂情况，从而区别并解释了正、反常塞曼效应和帕邢──拜克效应等几种磁光效应的特点。     

Mechanism of shape determination in motile cells

The shape of motile cells is determined by many dynamic processes spanning several orders of magnitude in space and time, from local polymerization of actin monomers at subsecond timescales to global, cell-scale geometry that may persist for hours. Understanding the mechanism of shape determination in cells has proved to be extremely challenging due to the numerous components involved and the complexity of their interactions. Here we harness the natural phenotypic variability in a large population of motile epithelial keratocytes from fish (Hypsophrys nicaraguensis) to reveal mechanisms of shape determination. We find that the cells inhabit a low-dimensional, highly correlated spectrum of possible functional states. We further show that a model of actin network treadmilling in an inextensible membrane bag can quantitatively recapitulate this spectrum and predict both cell shape and speed. Our model provides a simple biochemical and biophysical basis for the observed morphology and behaviour of motile cells.     

纳米金刚石的STM观测及其导电机理

用IPC-205B型扫描隧道显微镜（STM）获得了纳米金刚石的三维表面形貌图和扫描隧道谱（STS）．把绝缘体金刚石纳米化处理后,在一定的偏压下,获得了纳米金刚石的STM三维形貌图,观测了纳米金刚石表面形貌微观结构,测得了纳米金刚石的扫描隧道谱,估算出纳米金刚石的能隙宽度,并对纳米金刚石隧道谱和导电机理进行了分析．STM／STS实验不仅较好地解释了纳米金刚石导电性能的谱学机理,拓展了STM的应用领域,而且还可以作为绝缘材料纳米化处理后纳米晶粒结构及其能谱特征分析的重要研究手段．     

聚乙二醇辛基苯基醚水溶液的荧光光谱研究

对聚乙二醇辛基苯基醚(Triton X-100)水溶液荧光光谱研究发现,该溶液的荧光光谱与其浓度密切相关,不同浓度的Triton X-100溶液在激发光激励下荧光谱有较大变化.随着溶液浓度的增大,荧光光谱出现了由单峰到双峰再到单峰的变化,且第一、第二荧光峰分别出现红移.荧光强度与溶液浓度也密切相关,溶液浓度的增加导致荧光发生猝灭.分析表明该荧光是由Triton X-100分子与水分子相互作用产生,本文对产生这一现象的机理进行了探讨.     

Functions of FGF signalling from the apical ectodermal ridge in limb development

To determine the role of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signalling from the apical ectodermal ridge (AER), we inactivated Fgf4 and Fgf8 in AER cells or their precursors at different stages of mouse limb development. We show that FGF4 and FGF8 regulate cell number in the nascent limb bud and are required for survival of cells located far from the AER. On the basis of the skeletal phenotypes observed, we conclude that these functions are essential to ensure that sufficient progenitor cells are available to form the normal complement of skeletal elements, and perhaps other limb tissues. In the complete absence of both FGF4 and FGF8 activities, limb development fails. We present a model to explain how the mutant phenotypes arise from FGF-mediated effects on limb bud size and cell survival.     

大规模MIMO-FBMC系统下的空间消隐方法

在大规模多入多出正交频分复用技术(MIMO-FBMC)下行链路系统中,大量微小区部署在宏小区覆盖区域内,并且宏小区和微小区共享相同频谱.在宏小区引入大规模多进多出(MIMO)技术,在相对较窄的角度扩展下从宏小区可以看到同一热点内的用户几乎位于同一位置,这就引起了方向性的信道向量.利用这个信道向量的空间方向信息采用协调波束成形,获得空间消隐,即将传输能量集中在某些特定的方向上,从而给位于其他方向上的微小区创造传输数据的机会,以减少对这些微小区的干扰.此方法类似于增强型小区间干扰协调技术(e ICIC)中的几乎空白子帧(ABS)方法.仿真结果表明,该方案能有效提高大规模MIMO-FBMC系统的容量.     

次椭圆Laplace算子特征值的迹公式

考虑Heisenberg群上次椭圆算子特征值的Riesz平均,先建立相关特征值的迹公式,得到对应的Riesz平均,再借助Riesz平均,研究Heisenberg群上次椭圆算子的离散谱,建立该算子特征值的Riesz平均不等式,进而估计其特征值.