地热资源利用的开发效应和对策

地热资源作为一种绿色能源,储量丰富,可为人类提供足够的热量进行发电和非电利用。但是随着地热资源不断开采利用,热储质量的抽取量与补给量逆差不断增大,热储质量的亏损不可避免,热田的性状、地热流体的物理、化学条件以及周围环境都会发生变化。地热回灌和地热热泵技术是目前行之有效的避免或减缓地热田开发效应的有效措施。     

冀中坳陷雄县地热开采区地热资源的成因机制

雄县地热开采区是雄安新区地热资源赋存条件最好的地区之一,蕴藏着丰富的中低温地热资源。但是随着开采强度的增加,研究地热田的成因机制显得日益重要,是后期地热田资源评价工作和布置地热开采方案的重要依据。在结合前人研究成果的基础上,应用环境同位素研究地热储层流体的补给来源和热水年龄,并结合地热流体的水化学特征,初步分析了各热储层之间的联系程度和径流关系。研究表明,雄县的地热流体主要来自古大气降水,大部分是在长期的径流过程中由地热升温形成。雄县地热流体的年龄为31～36 ka。在自然条件下,新近纪地热流体与上层含水层之间的水力联系较弱,不同时期热储的地热流体之间的水力联系也较弱。通过分析雄县地热开采区地热地质构造背景、热储特征及地热形成机理,建立了热储的三维地质模型和数学数值模型,对区域内地热资源的开采和回灌进行了水热耦合模拟,计算结果与热储温度测量数据和抽水试验数据拟合较好,在得到验证模型的基础上,通过在研究区内合理井距和采灌量的最优设计,评价了研究区的地热资源储量。当开采量为120 m³/h、井距为450 m时,满足100 a内开采井水温下降小于2℃的评价标准下,年可开...     

中深层砂岩热储回灌井参数优化模拟

砂岩热储回灌对于地热能源的高效利用和土壤环境的保护具有重要的意义。华北地区中深层孔隙型砂岩地热回灌效率低下,回灌参数优化不准确,需要对中深层砂岩热储回灌井参数进一步优化研究,提升回灌效率。因此开展有关中深层砂岩热储回灌井参数优化模拟的研究尤为重要。建立了基于CMG-STARS的华北地区砂岩热储定向井的回灌与采出模型,分别研究了完井方式、单日回灌量、水层厚度比及采灌井径对地热回灌效率的影响,并分析优化中深层砂岩热储的回灌井参数。结果表明：完井方式是影响回灌效率的最主要因素,依次是单日回灌量、采灌井井径、水层厚度。为提高回灌效率,通过模拟研究优选出参数方案为表皮系数的最佳数值为0和5,单日回灌量在1 600 m³左右,采灌井径为215.9～241.3 mm,水层厚度比为0.33～1。结合造井成本因素,采灌井型选用“一定向井”回灌“一定向井”生产模式,其回灌效率明显高于“一定向井”回灌“一直井”生产模式。     

济南北部地区地热资源形成条件研究

济南市地热资源丰富,目前正处于积极开发阶段.通过对济南地区地热资源形成的水文地质条件,热储层特征及地温场特征等进行了分析研究,并对济南地热田形成模式进行了探讨,建立了济南地区地热田热储概念模型,阐明了济南地热田形成的机理,为确定该地区地热田的边界范围、热田地质模型、地热资源的开发利用以及地热田远景规划提供了参考.     

2013-27 封面图片说明：提高砂岩热储层地热尾水回灌率的研究

 能源和环境是当今人类面临的两大主要问题,地热作为可再生能源家族中的一员,其能源利用系数高,是节能减排的重要选择。中国沉积盆地的中低温地热资源丰富,开发利用规模逐渐增大,但大部分地热井长期以单井形式开采,造成地热储层水位持续下降,且地热尾水直接排放还会导致各种环境问题。为了保证地热资源的可持续开发利用,需要进行地热回灌。地热回灌,即将地热尾水通过人工加压或自然回灌的方式注入到开采中的热储层。目前碳酸岩热储的回灌问题已基本解决,而砂岩热储回灌率低则成为中-低温地热资源可持续开发利用的瓶颈。     

外源水和同源水高效回灌热储可行性研究

长期的粗放式开采制约了水热型地热资源的可持续开发和利用。传统回灌模式通常要求“同层回灌”或“同源水回灌”，针对蓟县系雾迷山组热储的强回灌能力，本文利用水-岩相互作用实验方法，开展了外源水和同源水相结合的高效回灌模式的可行性研究。结果表明，该回灌模式理论上是可行的，但还需进行现场试验；综合回灌成本和效果，推荐在非供暖季和供暖季分别通过处理后湖水和地热尾水回灌来提高雾迷山组热储总的回灌量。     

基于机器学习的地热采灌方案优化方法

为了解决基于数值模拟的优化方法,通常需要大量模拟计算的问题,在比较不同机器学习方法的预测性能后,建立了基于多层感知机的代理模型,以降低计算成本,然后将其与遗传算法相结合,提出了非均质地热储层中地热对井系统采灌方案优化方法。通过地热田对井系统的案例研究,证明了所开发的采灌方案优化方法的合理性和有效性。结果表明,基于代理模型的采灌方案优化方法能以更低的计算成本,准确地找到给定开采井位置时最优的回灌井位置、采灌量和尾水温度。     

碳酸盐岩裂缝热储回灌水渗流规律影响因素

回灌措施是解决地热水下水位下降,实现地热资源的可持续利用的重要技术措施。然而,目前碳酸盐岩裂缝热储回灌开发中存在回灌水渗流规律不明确,回灌开采模式不清晰、回灌水在碳酸盐岩热储中渗流规律复杂、回灌水如何在裂缝和溶洞中渗流及回灌水的注入方向与裂缝的发育方位之间关系认识不明确等。因此,针对目标碳酸盐岩裂缝热储储层孔隙结构特征,采用微观裂缝刻蚀模型和胶结裂缝平板模型,研究了回灌水的注入速度、注入方向和井网方式对其微观渗流规律影响。回灌微观渗流实验表明：在微观刻蚀模型中,当裂缝方位为90°、注入速度为0.04 mL/min时,回灌水的波及面积最大。提高回灌水的注入速度与增加裂缝方位角度,可以提高碳酸盐岩裂缝热储地层中的回灌水波及面积。在微观刻蚀可视化实验的基础上,利用碳酸盐岩裂缝热储胶结物理模型,研究了回灌水注入的温度场变化情况。温度场显示的波及面积与回灌水的渗流路线与微观刻蚀平板中的基本一致。     

大型岩溶热储识别方法与规模化可持续开采技术

为了支持中深层地热资源取暖产业化发展,寻找热资源储量大且易于开发利用的地热聚集区和研发相应的高效率可持续开发利用的关键技术至关重要。经过20年的探索与实践,在继承和发展的基础上,我们完善了地热系统源通储盖分析理论原理和地热储层聚热机理的识别方法。在华北牛驼镇凸起上确定了首个大型岩溶热储,并且提出了二元聚热模式,在原有模式上发展为沉积盆地中低温对流-传导复合型地热系统。这是在华北克拉通独特地质构造-热背景上形成的渤海湾盆地特大型地热聚集系统。这个以中上元古界雾迷山组碳酸盐岩为主体的岩溶热储,储层厚度大,温度高、储层孔渗性好、水质优、易开采、好回灌。针对这类热地热资源可持续开采而研发的采灌优化设计技术和动态监测与数值模拟技术,形成了一整套热储开采技术。我们基于政、产、学、研相结合的思路,自2009年起,在河北雄县实施了百万平方米级中深层水热型地热清洁取暖示范工程。经过5年左右的建设,与2014年被国家能源局认定为“雄县模式”,并向全国推广。该项目超过了冰岛的雷克雅未克地热取暖项目,是迄今为止世界上最大规模的同类地热取暖工程。经过5年以上的运行监测和检验,项目实现了百分之百回灌的高质量发展标准,是真正意义上的地热清洁取暖示范工程。基于大华北地区和全国同类热储的对比研究,我们发现类似的热储还有很多,技术推广应用的前景广阔。     

保定市高阳县地热资源开发利用现状

地热作为可再生资源,目前国际上以有了较高、多等级的循环利用.高阳县有着丰富的地下热储资源,但存在资源利用率低、盲目开采、无地下水回灌等方面问题,对地热资源的可持续利用没有统一的规划管理,造成了地热资源的严重浪费.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.