Export and remineralization of POM in the Southern Ocean and the South China Sea estimated from 210Po/210Pb disequilibria

Disequilibria between ^210Po and ^210Pb in the upper water and their potential applications as a proxy of particle export and remineralization were examined in the Southern Ocean （station IV3） and the South China Sea （NS44）. ^210po was deficit in surface waters but excessive relative to ^210Pb in subsurface waters. Good positive correlation between ^210Po and particulate organic carbon （POC） indicated deficits and excess of ^210Po resulted from particulate organic matter （POM） export and remJneralization respectively, which was also supported by the decreased δ^13C and increased δ^15N downwards as a result of particle remineralization. On the basis of ^210Po/^210Pb box-model, POC export flux out of the surface waters were 1.2 mmol C. m^-2. d^-1 and 2.3 mmol C. m^-2. d^-1 for station NS44 and IV3, respectively. In the subsurface waters, remineralization fluxes of ^210Po were 0.062 Bq. m^-2.d^-1 and 0.566 Bq.m^-2.d^-1 for station NS44 and IV3 along with the recycle efficiency of 52±26% and 119±52%, respectively. Remineralized fluxes of POM derived from ^210Po and exported POC were 0.6 mmol C.m^-2.d^-1 and 2.7 mmol C. m^-2. d^-1 for NS44 and IV3. This study suggested that ^210Po was a powerful tracer of particle export and remineralization.     

Response of 210Pbex inventory to changes in soil erosion rates on uncultivated land

This analysis studies changes in the variation 210Pbex inventory in soil in response to soil erosion on uncultivated land.A model was created to fit the response of 210 Pb ex inventory to variations in soil erosion rates on uncultivated land using the principle of mass balance.By numerical simulation of the variation in the soil erosion rate in soil of uncultivated land,we prove:(1) past use of what has long been considered the best method of determining 210 Pb ex levels over the past 100 to 200 years is not scientifically accurate;(2) the model shows that variation in 210 Pb ex inventory as a function of time varies according to the index law after variation of soil erosion rates in uncultivated land is considered;and(3) the time needed for the variation in 210 Pb ex inventory to reach a steady-state is affected by changes in the rate of soil erosion and the quality and depth of relaxation in soil of uncultivated land.The results of this research can guide efforts to measure soil erosion rates.     

A finite-element simulation on deformational energy in structural deformed zone

Under the same conditions of external force, simulations on differences of deforma-tional energy in structural zones, which have different deformational behavior, and that on the distribution of the differences have been carried out by means of finite-element method. Shear deformational energy UW is higher than volume deformational energy UT by about one order of magnitude, and deformational energy UB( = UW + UT) and Uw show a trend to be larger→ largest→small in quantity in structural zones of different deformational properties, which correspond to compressive, shear, tensile zones, respectively, but UT shows a trend to be large→ small gradually. This has a considerable significance in the study of tectonic heat and mineral liquid migration in association with the research on tectonic additional hydrostatic pressure.     

Reduction of Faults in Software Testing by Fault Domination

Although mutation testing is one of the practical ways of enhancing test effectiveness in software testing, it could be sometimes infeasible in practical work for a large scale software so that the mutation testing becomes time-consuming and even in prohibited time. Therefore, the number of faults assumed to exist in the software under test should be reduced so as to be able to confine the time complexity of test within a reasonable period of time. This paper utilizes the concept of fault dominance and equivalence, which has long been employed in hardware testing, for revealing a novel way of reducing the number of faults assumed to hide in software systems. Once the number of faults assumed in software is decreased sharply, the effectiveness of mutation testing will be greatly enhanced and become a feasible way of software testing. Examples and experimental results are presented to illustrate the effectiveness and the helpfulness of the technology proposed in the paper.     

Simulation and evaluation of the quality and availability of typical GLI ocean image

ADEOS-II satellite will be launched in the near future. It collocates many remote sensing instruments in the same platform. Among them, Global Image (GLI) is considered to be a main sensor which will play a key role. In order to understand the characteristics of future GLI ocean color images, a simulation and evaluation of the quality and availability of GLI typical ocean image has been done. In the paper, we first introduce the simulation models briefly, and simulate typical cases of radiance images at visible channels, in which the radiance distribution is based on geographic location, the satellite orbital parameters and sensor properties. A method, complex signal noise ratio (CSNR) to evaluate the image quality and availability, is developed according to the characteristics of image. Meanwhile, a series of CSNR images are generated from the simulated radiance components for different cases, which can be used to evaluate the quality and availability of GLI images before the ADEOS-II is placed in orbit. Finally, the quality and availability of GLI images are quantitatively analyzed by the simulated CSNR data. The results will be beneficial to the people who are in charge of GLI mission or plan to use the data from GLI.     

Characteristics of U-pattern distribution of highconcentration ^210pb in surface air at central Guizhou, China

In recent thirty years, with deep-going studies of the problems of regional environmental quality and global climate change, 210Pb has been found to have wide appli-cations in tracing the aquatic sedimentation, catchment’s erosion and the path of atmospheric transfer. 222Rn pro-duced from decay of the U-Ra series in surface rocks and soils diffuses in the atmosphere and continues to decay into 210Pb. This part of the 210Pb, due to separation from its parent 226Ra, is generally referred to a…     

Comparative crystal structure determination of griseofulvin: Powder X-ray diffraction versus single-crystal X-ray diffraction

In an attempt to compare crystal structure determination from powder data and single-crystal data,crystal structure of griseofulvin(C 17 H 17 ClO 6) was tested by both powder and single-crystal X-ray diffraction.Lattice parameters of griseofulvin are α=90.0°,a=b=8.9757,c=19.9345,V=1605.99 3 from powder data coinciding with α=90.0°,a=b=8.9714,c=19.8848,V=1600.46 3 from single-crystal data.Main processes of structure elucidating of griseofulvin by the two approaches were analyzed.Powder X-ray diffraction was demonstrated to be a powerful auxiliary implement to single-crystal X-ray diffraction in structure characterization,and its application can be popularized in the field of structure research of small organic molecules.     

Paleomagnetic data from Early Cretaceous volcanic rocks of West Liaoning: Evidence for intracontinental rotation

Detailed rock magnetic studies of 55 lavas from Yixian and Fuxin area, West Liaoning, show the primary carriers of remanence to be pseudo-single domain titanomagnetite. K/Ar dating indicates that the volcanic sequence spans 93 to 133 Ma. Stepwise thermal demagnetization successfully isolated well-defined characteristic magnetization (ChRM) in all lavas thermal-treated above 250℃. The mean paleodirections are D/I = 5.9°/58.8° (α95 = 2.9°) and D/I =179.2°/-59.9° (α95 = 5.2°) for 27 normally magnetized flows and 28 reversibly magnetized flows, respectively. It indicates that since the Early Cretaceous there is no significant horizontal movement and rotation between the Yixian-Fuxin area and Eurasia. However, Korea Peninsula may have undergone a clockwise rotation of 33.9° relative to the Yixian-Fuxin area during the Cretaceous. On the basis of characteristics of hotspot origins (core-mantle boundary or upper mantle), the clockwise rotation of Korea Peninsula relative to Eurasia is assumed to be mainly caused by an extensional force in the crust of eastern China, which was corresponding to intensive surface volcanic activities in this area.     

Side-Channel Attacks in a Real Scenario

Existing Side-Channel Attacks(SCAs) have several limitations and, rather than to be real attack methods,can only be considered to be security evaluation methods. Their limitations are mainly related to the sampling conditions, such as the trigger signal embedded in the source code of the encryption device, and the acquisition device that serves as the encryption-device controller. Apart from it being very difficult for an attacker to add a trigger into the original design before making an attack or to control the encryption device, there is a big gap in the capacity of existing SCAs to pose real threats to cipher devices. In this paper, we propose a new method, the sliding window SCA(SW-SCA), which can be applied in scenarios in which the acquisition device is independent of the encryption device and for which the encryption source code requires no trigger signal or modification. First,we describe the main issues in existing SCAs, then we theoretically analyze the effectiveness and complexity of our proposed SW-SCA —a method that can incorporate a sliding-window mechanism into almost all of the existing non-profiled SCAs. The experimental results for both simulated and physical traces verify the effectiveness of the SW-SCA and the appropriateness of its theoretical complexity.     

Ultrahigh cycle fatigue fracture mechanism of high-quality bearing steel obtained through different deoxidation methods

The mechanism of oxide inclusions in fatigue crack initiation in the very-high cycle fatigue(VHCF) regime was clarified by subjecting bearing steels deoxidized by Al(Al-deoxidized steel) and Si(Si-deoxidized steel) to ultrasonic tension–compression fatigue tests(stress ratio, R =-1) and analyzing the characteristics of the detected inclusions. Results show that the main types of inclusions in Si-and Al-deoxidized steels are silicate and calcium aluminate, respectively. The content of calcium aluminate inclusions larger than 15 μm in Si-deoxidized steel is lower than that in Al-deoxidized steel, and the difference observed may be attributed to different inclusion generation processes during melting. Despite differences in their cleanliness and total oxygen contents, the Si-and Al-deoxidized steels show similar VHCF lives. The factors causing fatigue failure in these steels reveal distinct differences. Calcium aluminate inclusions are responsible for the cracks in Al-deoxidized steel. By comparison, most fatigue cracks in Si-deoxidized steel are triggered by the inhomogeneity of a steel matrix, which indicates that the damage mechanisms of the steel matrix can be a critical issue for this type of steel. A minor portion of the cracks in Si-deoxidized steel could be attributed to different types of inclusions. The mechanisms of fatigue fracture caused by calcium aluminate and silicate inclusions were further analyzed. Calcium aluminate inclusions first separate from the steel matrix and then trigger crack generation. Silicate inclusions and the steel matrix are closely combined in a fatigue process; thus, these inclusions have mild effects on the fatigue life of bearing steels.Si/Mn deoxidation is an effective method to produce high-quality bearing steel with a long fatigue life and good liquid steel fluidity.     

梯级生态浮床系统处理黑臭河水除磷性能研究

以上海市某黑臭河道为处理对象,通过模拟天然水体中水生植物的分布,构建逐级下沉式梯级浮床系统(Staged Floating Treatment Wetlands,SFTWs),分析温度、植物种类、pH值和溶解氧(DO)等因素对浮床系统的除磷性能的影响.结果表明,浮床系统的除磷率受温度变化较为明显,一定温度范围内两者呈正...     

The impact of damming on geochemical behavior of dissolved inorganic carbon in a karst river

To determine the impact of damming on the geochemical behavior of dissolved inorganic carbon （DIC） in the Wujiang River basin, field measurements and samples were collected semimonthly for a year. The surface waters of the reservoirs contained concentrations of chlo- rophyll a up to 5.6 times higher than the upstream river. Compared with the entering waters, the contributions of HCO3- and dissolved CO2 to DIC decreased, and the contribution of CO32- to DIC and the carbon isotopic composition of DIC （δ13CDIc） increased in the surface waters of the reservoirs, while in the waters released, the DIC species showed reverse geochemical behaviors. The δ13CDIc ranged from -10.2 %o to 2.5 %0, indicating that significant contributions were from carbonate weathering, photosynthesis, and respiration. After the damming of a river, the bioactivity of phytoplankton was enhanced, and this affected the geochemistry of DIC compared to an unimpacted river and δ13CDIC can be used to discern these changes. High-frequency monitoring of river-reservoir systems is necessary to evaluate the efflux of CO2 and provide a better understanding of the carbon sinks and sources in the impounded river.     

Distributions of dissolved rare earth elements during estuarine mixing at the Changjiang River mouth

The first data on the concentrations of dissolved REE in surface waters collected from the north passage of the Changjiang Estuary where the salinity ranges from 0.15 to 19 mglg were determined by ICP-MS after preconcentration with solvent extraction and back-extraction techniques. Relative to other estuaries, the river-water end-member concentrations of dissolved REE are very low, ranging from 11.963 (Y) to 0.098 ng/kg (Lu). Dissolved REE removed markedly from water in the Changjiang Estuary where salinity lies within the range of 0.15-1 mg/g, but the percent removal is low, ranging only from 47%(La) to 25%(Lu). Strong water-sediment interaction due to shallow water depth in the Changjiang Estuary leads to remarkable concentration peaks of dissolved REE in the location where the salinity varies from 1 to 8 mg/g. In the moderate and high salinity regions from 8 to 19 mg/g, the concentrations of dissolved REE gradually increase as a result of desorption or partial dissolution of particles.     

Evaluation of humic acid removal by a flat submerged membrane photoreactor

A flat submerged membrane combined with a TiO 2 /UV photocatalytic reactor (FSMPR) was employed in batch mode to remove humic acid (HA). HA removal efficiency was characterized by UV 254 absorbance, UV-vis spectra, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration, specific UV absorbance (SUVA), and trihalomethane formation potential (THMFP). The FSMPR process was effective in removing more than 86% of DOC and nearly 100% of UV 254 absorbance, while the THMFPs of samples were reduced to < 19 μ g/L after 150 min of treatment. In addition, changes in transmembrane pressure (TMP) with and without UV were evaluated; TiO 2 /UV was effective at controlling membrane fouling by HA. Analysis of the molecular weight (MW) distributions and three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence spectra of HAs revealed that the effectiveness in membrane fouling control is a result of changes in HA molecular characteristics. The TiO 2 /UV photocatalytic reactor caused the degradation of high MW, hydrophobic humic-like molecules to low MW, hydrophilic protein-like molecules, although this fraction was not completely removed during 150 min of treatment and was less responsible for membrane fouling.     

英罗港红树林缘潮水中游泳动物的季节动态

应用大拦网（拦截水体约１０ｈｍ２）分季节研究了广西英罗港红树林缘潮水中的游泳动物。结果表明：４种软体动物、３种甲壳动物、４２种鱼类随潮水进入红树林缘滩涂。这些种大多是近海浅水种类。在４９种游泳动物中，最常见且数量大的有中华小公鱼、大眼青鳞鱼、印尼小公鱼、双边鱼、边鱼箴、黑斑、圆颌针鱼、勒氏银汉鱼和长毛对虾。鱼获的尾数和鲜重都是夏季＞秋季＞冬季＞春季，平均为７５４６６尾／网和３９．３８千克／网。体长小于１０ｃｍ的游泳动物的尾数和鲜重，平均分别占鱼获尾数的９３．９２％和鱼获鲜重的７０．８３％。以尾数和出现季节频度来衡量它们跟红树林生境的关系程度，可将４９个种大体上分成３类：关系程度较高的有９种，一般的有２０种，较低的有２０种。这些结果表明，红树林缘滩涂主要是近海浅水小型游泳动物或鱼苗的活动场所。跟热带红树林区相比，广西英罗港红树林缘潮水中鱼类群落的多样性低。     

Landfill leachate treatment by MBR： Performance and molecular weight distribution of organic contaminant

A membrane bioreactor (MBR) with an air-lift bioreactor and gravity flow is applied to treating landfill leachate. More than 99% of BOD5 (biochemical oxygen demand for five days) removal effi-ciency is achieved with less than 35 mg/L of BOD_5 in the effluent at less than 1.71 kg BOD5/m~3·d of BOD_5 loading rate. When DO (dissolved oxygen) is maintained at the range of 2.3―2.8 mg/L and the loading rate of NH_4~ -N (ammonium nitrogen) is kept at 0.16― 0.24 kg NH_4~ -N/m~3·d, the NH_4~ -N in the effluent is less than 15 mg/L. However, compared with high removal rates of BOD_5 and NH_4~ -N, the removal effi-ciency of soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) varies between 70% and 96%. The investigation of molecular weight (MW) distribution has been carried out by the gel permeation chromatography (GPC) so as to understand the fate of organic matters in the MBR treating of landfill leachate. Results indicate that organic matters of the landfill leachate are composed of a high MW fraction (MW of the peak, MWp = 11480―13182 Da) and a low MW fraction (MWp = 158―275 Da). The high MW fraction is not biode-gradable, but can be decreased with microfiltration membrane. The most of the low MW fraction is bio-degradable, but the residue of the low MW fraction is able to permeate through the membrane, thus re-sulting in high SCOD in the effluent of the MBR.     

Distribution and partition of polybrominated diphenyl ethers （PBDEs） in water of the Zhujiang River Estuary

The spatial, temporal, and vertical distributions of polybrominated diphenyl ethers （PBDEs） in water columns from the Zhujiang River Estuary were examined, and the partition behavior of PBDEs between particle and dissolved phases was investigated in the present study. The results show that the distributions of PBDEs concentrations in the water varied with the sampling seasons. The PBDEs concentrations in water samples were lower in May 2005, when the brackish water was dominant in the estuary, than in October 2005, when fresh water from river runoff dominated the estuary. The spatial distribution of PBDEs in October 2005 indicated that the river runoff was the major mode to input PBDEs to the estuary, and the concentration of PBDEs in water might be dissolved organic carbon （DOC） dependence. The spatial and vertical distributions of PBDEs in May 2005 were relatively homogeneous, and SPM was the major factor on controlling the levels of PBDEs in this sampling time. Both DOC and POC could play certain roles in determining the distribution and partition of PBDEs between particle and dissolved phases, but their effects varied with the water properties.     

有机物分子量分布特点对BAF-O3-BAC净水工艺的评价

采用曝气生物滤池(BAF)、气浮和臭氧生物活性炭(BAC)联用技术对太湖原水进行试验.有机物分子量分布测定结果表明:曝气生物滤池单元对分子量小于0.5 kD(道尔顿)的有机物去除率最高,其次是分子量介于1～3 kD的有机物;气浮单元对分子量大于100 kD的有机物去除率最高;臭氧氧化单元对分子量大于3 kD的有机物去除率较高,而对于小于3 kD的有机物不但不能去除,反而有所增加;生物活性炭单元对分子量小于10 kD的有机物均能有效去除,分子量越小,去除率越高.综合评价认为:曝气生物滤池、气浮和臭氧生物活性炭联用技术处理微污染水源水的净水工艺是合理的.     

黄河口近岸海域大型底栖动物群落特征

为了解黄河口近岸海域大型底栖生物资源的现状和变化,本研究于2016年8月、11月和2017年5月、8月、11月进行拖网调查。对拖网获得的生物样品进行鉴定,并称重和计数,以获取物种组成、优势物种、生物量和丰度等指标数据。使用优势度计算方法和PRIMER 6.0统计软件对群落特征进行分析。结果共获得大型底栖动物109种,其中甲壳动物37种,鱼类35种,软体动物34种,棘皮动物2种,其他动物(海葵Actiniaria sp.)1种。在该区域发现优势种19种,其中甲壳动物11种,软体动物4种,鱼类4种。黄河口近海大型底栖动物总平均丰度和总平均生物量分别为0.48ind./m~2、1.44g/m~2,均是软体动物贡献率最高。丰富度指数(D)、均匀度指数(J′)和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H′)平均值分别为2.44±0.33、0.88±0.03、3.64±0.08。CLUSTER聚类分析和MDS标序分析表明,在40%相似性水平上,每次调查结果可以分为3—5组,各组之间差异显著。黄河口近海大型底栖动物以小个体的甲壳动物、软体动物及低经济价值的鱼类为主,底栖物种有小型化趋势。黄河口近海底栖群落结构差异较大,总体受污染扰动情况明显。