熔体静电纺丝技术研究进展

熔体静电纺丝技术作为一种不使用溶剂的超细纤维绿色制备工艺，在高性能无纺布、生物医药和高效过滤等方面有着广泛的应用。本文简单回顾了熔体静电纺丝研究历史，阐述了熔体静电纺丝工艺特点，综述了近年来熔体静电纺丝工艺、材料、装置及应用新进展，介绍了笔者团队熔体微分静电纺丝技术，并在最后提出几点对未来熔体静电纺丝研究重点的看法。通过本文，以期增进对超细纤维绿色制造新理论、新方法和新装备的认识。     

熔体静电纺丝制备聚乳酸纤维的吸油性能研究

利用熔体静电纺丝制备聚乳酸（PLA）超细纤维,并添加蔗糖脂肪酸酯（SE）细化电纺纤维减少降解率。对纤维进行扫描电子显微镜、接触角、吸油倍率和油水选择性等表征测试,结果表明,PLA/SE纤维平均直径最细达到173μm,对水接触角在135°~140°;纯PLA纤维对机油、原油、柴油、花生油的吸附倍率分别为99、72、56和66g/g,而PLA/SE纤维对这些油品的吸油倍率分别为129、98、63和87g/g,明显高于纯PLA纤维;PLA/SE纤维的油水吸附选择性高达1000倍,同时具有良好的浮力和一定的可重复使用性;另外,温度对纤维的吸油倍率也有一定影响。     

新型导向复合塔板流体力学性能研究

在内径Φ600的有机玻璃塔内,以空气-水为物系,对开孔率为26.3%、29.8%、31.6%,内置填料型号为BH500、BH800、BH1500的不同导向复合塔板进行了流体力学性能测试,并对其各项性能指标(压降、雾沫夹带、漏液等)进行了对比实验研究。研究了开孔率及不同填料型号对导向复合塔板性能的影响。结果表明:开孔率为31.6%,内置填料为BH1500的导向复合塔板的压降低,漏液少,雾沫夹带少,综合性能最优。     

小比表面积双曲型规整填料性能的冷模实验

双曲型丝网波纹填料是具有特殊弧形波纹结构的一种新型规整填料。本文选取比表面积分别为350和500m2/m3的填料进行冷模实验,并测试其流体力学和传质性能。将上述2种填料与350Y和500Y进行对比,结果显示,在实验气速范围内,L=25.48m3/(m2·h)时,Kxa(SQ-350)=(1+54.9%)Kxa(350Y);当F为0.6m/s·(kg/m3)0.5,15.29m3/(m2·h)≤L≤35.67m3/(m2·h)时,Kxa(SQ-500)=[1+(13.3%～66.7%)]Kxa(500Y)。此外,新填料适合在大液量下操作,且能耗低于350Y和500Y。     

Variability and reduction of atmospheric pollutants in Beijing and its surrounding area during the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games

The Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Atmospheric Environment Monitoring Network was established by the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. The goals of the network were to monitor and provide warnings of the atmospheric quality in Beijing and its surrounding area during the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games. The results showed that the atmospheric complex pollution exhibited high concentrations of ozone and fine particles and oxidation in summer, with a ubiquitous regional source. The regional mean concentrations of SO₂, PM_2.5, NO₂, and O_{3_8h max} (the maximum daily 8 h mean) and O_x were 22±11, 90±40, 25±5, 136±35 and 112±21 μg/m³ in summer, respectively. During the Olympic Games, the mean concentration of SO₂, PM_2.5, NO_{2, O3_8h} max, and O_x were 12.5±4, 56±28, 23±4, 114±29, 95±17 μg/m³ in the region, respectively, and fell by 51.0%, 43.7%, 13%, 20.2%, and 18.9%, respectively, compared to the prophase mean before the Olympic Games. The concentration of atmospheric pollutants declined significantly and achieved the “Green Olympics” control goal of air quality. After the Olympic Games, SO₂, PM_2.5 and NO_x increased significantly as the temporary atmospheric pollution control measures were terminated.     

Banach空间中常微分方程初值问题解的存在性与可解性

利用Ascoli-Arzela定理和Schauder不动点定理证明了Banach空间中二阶常微分方程初值问题解的一个存在性与可解性定理，推广了有关结果．并在此基础上，增加条件max{1-e^-T,1-e^-H（T）}〈1／6．运用Schauder不动点定理证明了Banach空间中高阶常微分方程初值问题解的存在性与可解性．     

熔体微分静电纺丝聚丙烯纤维的吸油性能研究

利用自制熔体微分静电纺丝装置制备不同纺丝温度条件的聚丙烯纤维。获得纤维的平均直径为810 nm,单个喷头产量达13 g/h;电纺纤维接触角分布在140°~150°,对比数据发现接触角与纤维直径无明显关系;聚丙烯纤维棉相对机油的最大初始吸油率、吸油倍率和保油率分别为235、158和62 g/g。初步探究吸油机理表明,吸油倍率随纤维直径的减小、孔隙率的增加、油品黏度的增加有增大的趋势,纤维样本重复吸/放油7次后,其吸油倍率为原来的59%~78%。     

双曲型高效规整填料的流体力学和传质性能

用两种双曲(SQ)型金属丝网波纹填料在内径为500 mm,填料高度为1 m的有机玻璃塔内进行冷膜实验。通过研究SQ型填料的流体力学和传质性能可知,此填料特殊的弧形波纹结构改善了气液分布。实验结果显示SQ型填料的传质性能要优于传统填料CY-700,当L=25.48 m3/(m2.h)时,SQ-700的HETP值比CY-700相对降低44.5%。对于同种SQ型填料,其压降,泛点和等板高度符合一般填料的变化规律,而SQ-800的比表面积大于SQ-700,故而传质效率高,能耗高,可操作范围小。     

Role of step-shape structures and critical failure bubble volume in micro bubble constraint

Micro fluid devices using micro bubbles have attracted much attention for their special advantages.In many cases,the bubbles must be constrained to a certain position so as to grow or shrink under control.In this paper,we discuss the effect of step-shape structures in constraining bubbles against the surface force,which plays a dominant role on the micro scale.We fabricate specimens with a step and electrodes and carry out electrolysis experiments in water to observe bubble growth.We observe the constraining effect of steps as well as failure phenomena.Based on numerical simulations and theoretical analysis,we introduce the critical failure bubble volume and present the analytic solution in a 2-D model.Using step-shape structures is an easy method of constraining bubbles within the critical failure volume.     

Development of 1D and 2D coupled model to simulate urban inundation: An application to Beijing Olympic Village

Urban inundation due to anomalous storms is a serious problem for many cities worldwide. Therefore, it is important to accurately simulate urban hydrological processes and efficiently predict the potential risks of urban floods for the improvement of drainage designs and implementation of emergency actions. However, the complexity of urban landforms and the diversity of hydraulic infrastructure pose particular challenges for the simulation and risk assessment of urban drainage processes. This study developed a methodology to comprehensively simulate inundation processes by dynamically coupling 1D and 2D hydrodynamic models. By allowing the simultaneous solution of the processes of rainfall and runoff, urban drainage, and flooding, this method can be used to estimate the potential inundation risks of any designed drainage system. Furthermore, a Geographical Information System (GIS) based platform was fully integrated with the model engine to effectively illustrate the context of the problem. The developed model was then demonstrated on the Beijing 2008 Olympic Village under the conditions of the 5-year and 50-year design storms. The sewer discharge, channel discharge, and flood propagation (inundation initiation, extent, depths, and duration) were numerically validated and analyzed. The results identified the potential inundation risks. From the study, it is found that the coupled GIS and 1D and 2D hydrodynamic models have the potential to simulate urban inundation processes, and hence efficiently predict flood risks and support cost-effective drainage design and management. It also implies promising prospects about the wide availability of high quality digital data, GIS techniques, and well-developed monitoring infrastructure to develop online urban inundation forecasts. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 40601018)