锈蚀钢筋混凝土梁的裂缝研究

裂缝特征是反映钢筋混凝土构件正常使用极限状态的一个重要指标.制作了37片不同钢筋类型和配筋率的钢筋混凝土梁,通过外加电流的方法使其加速锈蚀,并通过电流强度、通电时间控制其锈蚀率.讨论了试件在静载试验中的裂缝开展过程及特点.通过与《公路钢筋混凝土及预应力混凝土桥涵设计规范》(JTGD62-2004)和《混凝土结构设计规范》(GB 50010-2002)相关公式进行对比分析,建立了钢筋锈蚀率与平均裂缝间距、裂缝宽度的关系.试验研究结果表明,锈蚀率较小时,钢筋混凝土受弯构件的裂缝特征与普通钢筋混凝土构件相同;而锈蚀率较大时,裂缝间距变大,宽度增加.该结果可用于锈蚀钢筋混凝土受弯构件承载力的评估.     

基于黏结-滑移效应的钢筋混凝土梁裂缝宽度数值计算

基于黏结-滑移理论对钢筋混凝土受弯构件裂缝宽度的计算进行说明,指出采用数值计算方法进行分析的必要性.在综合考虑钢筋与混凝土间的黏结-滑移效应、裂缝间混凝土拉伸硬化效应以及材料非线性本构关系等问题的基础上,建立钢筋混凝土梁构件裂缝宽度计算的数值模犁.以8根HRB500级高强钢筋混凝土梁受弯开裂试验为例,将试验结果、规范公式计算结果以及数值模型预测结果进行对比分析.研究结果表明:试验梁短期最大裂缝宽度的模型预测结果与试验结果较符合,两者比值的均值为1.098,变异系数为0.146 5;而规范公式计算值则普遍大于试验值,需要进行适当修正.取等间距开裂的模型梁进行算例分析,得出平均裂缝宽度预测值与规范公式的计算值较吻合,进一步验证了该数值计算模型是一种有效的、准确的裂缝宽度分析方法.     

钢筋混凝土板剪弯区段的裂缝宽度计算与控制

通过２１个试件计４２块悬臂板的试验，对钢混凝土板剪变区 裂缝宽度分布、计算与控制进行了研究，在分析试结果的基础上部对裂缝宽度的计算公式，以规范ＧＢＪ１０－８９所用公式为依据，提出了对该公式的修改建议，最后提出了悬臂板中裂缝宽度控制的具体构造措施。     

铁路混凝土箱梁钢筋锈蚀后其挠度和 裂缝宽度取值研究

为了研究钢筋锈蚀下混凝土箱梁挠度和裂缝宽度的变化,基于梁截面平衡和变形协调,引入锈蚀钢筋混凝土梁非线性本构关系,建立了箱梁受弯挠度和裂缝宽度解析表达式。针对铁路简支箱梁算例,研究了混凝土性能退化和钢筋锈蚀对梁挠度和裂缝宽度的影响;并和铁路桥梁规范中挠度和裂缝宽度的规范值进行了对比分析。结果表明:混凝土性能的退化对梁挠度和裂缝宽度影响很小;锈蚀钢筋力学性能的退化和锈蚀黏结滑移对挠度和裂缝宽度具有较大影响。当锈蚀率小于1.5%时,挠度和裂缝宽度均小幅减小;当锈蚀率超过1.5%后,挠度和裂缝宽度随着锈蚀率的增加开始增大。针对规范中挠度和裂缝宽度公式,提出了锈蚀黏结滑移修正系数,修正后的规范值与解析解吻合良好。     

钢筋混凝土简支梁裂缝的有限元分析

钢筋混凝土结构是一种带裂缝工作的构件,当裂缝宽度达到一定的宽度时,结构就有可能失去承载能力或耐久性大大下降,所以裂缝的产生和发展始终是混凝土界所关心的重要问题之一。本文利用非线性有限元程序VecTor2的试验梁进行非线性有限元分析,并将试验值与计算值进行比较。发现随着纵筋率的提高,裂缝发展得越是充分,裂缝间距越小,裂缝宽度也越小。裂缝总是先在纯弯段出现,然后向支座方向逐渐出现,这和弯矩梯度有关。     

坝下游面钢衬钢筋混凝土管非线性有限元分析

采用解析法对某水电站坝下游面钢衬钢筋混凝土压力管道进行初步设计,确定了钢衬厚度和钢筋配置,对其进行整体三维非线性有限元分析,着重研究了在设计荷载作用下,钢衬和钢筋的应力状态以及管周混凝土的开裂特征．采用将非线性有限元分析与规范解析法相结合的方法,先根据非线性有限元计算的结果,分析得到钢衬钢筋混凝土管的钢筋应力,再将其代入规范解析公式,计算出结构的裂缝宽度,并最终提出了满足结构限裂要求的配筋方案．     

铁路混凝土箱梁钢筋锈蚀后其挠度和裂缝宽度取值

为了研究钢筋锈蚀下混凝土箱梁挠度和裂缝宽度的变化,基于梁截面平衡和变形协调,引入锈蚀钢筋混凝土梁非线性本构关系,建立了箱梁受弯挠度和裂缝宽度解析表达式。针对铁路简支箱梁算例,研究了混凝土性能退化和钢筋锈蚀对梁挠度和裂缝宽度的影响;并和铁路桥梁规范中挠度和裂缝宽度的规范值进行了对比分析。结果表明:混凝土性能的退化对梁挠度和裂缝宽度影响很小;锈蚀钢筋力学性能的退化和锈蚀黏结滑移对挠度和裂缝宽度具有较大影响。当锈蚀率小于1.5%时,挠度和裂缝宽度均小幅减小;当锈蚀率超过1.5%后,挠度和裂缝宽度随着锈蚀率的增加开始增大。针对规范中挠度和裂缝宽度公式,提出了锈蚀黏结滑移修正系数,修正后的规范值与解析解吻合良好。     

高强钢筋混凝土梁裂缝宽度的试验研究和分析

为了研究配置高强钢筋混凝土梁开裂后的使用性能,对14根配置500MPa钢筋的混凝土梁进行了受弯性能试验.给出了梁侧面裂缝宽度沿裂缝高度的分布规律;梁底面裂缝宽度沿梁宽变化规律;典型位置处平均裂缝宽度与弯矩关系等,并对裂缝宽度值进行了统计分析.由本次试验和其他相关试验的数据分析表明:在钢筋应力较高时产生的次生裂缝会明显抑制主裂缝的扩展速度;我国现行规范的裂缝宽度公式的计算值明显大于试验值,不适用于配置高强钢筋混凝土梁的情况.对钢筋高应力下的裂缝宽度主要影响因素进行了分析,并提出了配置高强钢筋混凝土梁裂缝宽度的2种计算模式.建议公式与试验结果吻合较好.     

钢筋混凝土受弯构件裂缝宽度的计算

本文在《钢筋混凝土结构设计规范》(TJ10—74)中采用的计算模式(本文第二作者提出的)的基础上,提出了钢筋混凝土受弯构件裂缝宽度计算的一个新公式。公式中,对于平均裂缝间距的计算,考虑了钢筋保护层厚度的影响;对于受拉钢筋应变不均匀系数的计算,采用了以钢筋应力为参变量的表达式。此外,还根据裂缝宽度的概率分布规律,确定了裂缝宽度扩大系数,从而使其有着更为明确的保证率。提出的公式计算简便,计算值与试验结果符合较好。该公式将列入规范TJ10—85中。     

钢筋混凝土箱形截面构件的抗扭设计及其简化

钢筋混凝土箱形截面构件在工程实际中应用比较广泛，但《公路钢筋混凝土及预应力混凝土桥涵设计规范》对受扭构件的设计只介绍了矩形截面，而对箱形截面无专门规定。本文通过大量的计算机计算、分析，提出了箱形截面构件的抗扭计算方法及其简化规律。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-