Local reduction in physics

A conventional wisdom about the progress of physics holds that successive theories wholly encompass the domains of their predecessors through a process that is often called “reduction.” While certain influential accounts of inter-theory reduction in physics take reduction to require a single “global” derivation of one theory׳s laws from those of another, I show that global reductions are not available in all cases where the conventional wisdom requires reduction to hold. However, I argue that a weaker “local” form of reduction, which defines reduction between theories in terms of a more fundamental notion of reduction between models of a single fixed system, is available in such cases and moreover suffices to uphold the conventional wisdom. To illustrate the sort of fixed-system, inter-model reduction that grounds inter-theoretic reduction on this picture, I specialize to a particular class of cases in which both models are dynamical systems. I show that reduction in these cases is underwritten by a mathematical relationship that follows a certain liberalized construal of Nagel/Schaffner reduction, and support this claim with several examples. Moreover, I show that this broadly Nagelian analysis of inter-model reduction encompasses several cases that are sometimes cited as instances of the “physicist׳s” limit-based notion of reduction.     

油田水CaCO_3结垢反应的计算与应用

以热力学计算为基础，广泛采用油田水的数据．计算了ＣａＣＯ３的预测条件，并根据油田生产实际，建立了使用防垢剂时的预测模型．根据理论模型编制成计算机程序，并与文献结果和油田观测结果进行了对比，提出了临界浓度和临界稳定常数的计算和应用方法．为防垢剂的选择提供了理论依据，大量计算表明，预测结果与文献和现场观测结果相符．     

广义离散随机线性系统的状态估计新方法

运用Ｂａｙｅｓ动态模型理论［２］讨论了广义离散随机线性系统的状态估计问题，提出了一种既简便又实用的状态估计新方法──线性贝叶斯估计（ＬＢＥ）．     

二阶隐马尔可夫模型及其在计算语言学中的应用

介绍了在观测噪声和马尔可夫链不相互独立的条件下改进的隐马尔可夫模型(HMM)的结构．在传统的隐马尔可夫模型的基础上研究了改进模型的Baum-Welch算法，并导出了改进模型的参数估计公式．     

待料型生产计划与调度优化模型

提出待料型生产系统的概念．并建立待料型生产计划与调度优化的三个层次的教学模型；综合计划模型、生产调度模型和工艺优化模型。为具有待料现象的企业提供优化生产组织的一般分析方法和建模思路,以增进此类企业的经济效益。     

Inconsistent idealizations and inferentialism about scientific representation

Inferentialists about scientific representation hold that an apparatus's representing a target system consists in the apparatus allowing “surrogative inferences” about the target. I argue that a serious problem for inferentialism arises from the fact that many scientific theories and models contain internal inconsistencies. Inferentialism, left unamended, implies that inconsistent scientific models have unlimited representational power, since an inconsistency permits any conclusion to be inferred. I consider a number of ways that inferentialists can respond to this challenge before suggesting my own solution. I develop an analogy to exploitable glitches in a game. Even though inconsistent representational apparatuses may in some sense allow for contradictions to be generated within them, doing so violates the intended function of the apparatus's parts and hence violates representational “gameplay”.     

A structural interpretation of measurement and some related epistemological issues

Measurement is widely applied because its results are assumed to be more reliable than opinions and guesses, but this reliability is sometimes justified in a stereotyped way. After a critical analysis of such stereotypes, a structural characterization of measurement is proposed, as partly empirical and partly theoretical process, by showing that it is in fact the structure of the process that guarantees the reliability of its results. On this basis the role and the structure of background knowledge in measurement and the justification of the conditions of object-relatedness (“objectivity”) and subject-independence (“intersubjectivity”) of measurement are specifically discussed.     

Accountability and values in radically collaborative research

This paper discusses a crisis of accountability that arises when scientific collaborations are massively epistemically distributed. We argue that social models of epistemic collaboration, which are social analogs to what Patrick Suppes called a “model of the experiment,” must play a role in creating accountability in these contexts. We also argue that these social models must accommodate the fact that the various agents in a collaborative project often have ineliminable, messy, and conflicting interests and values; any story about accountability in a massively distributed collaboration must therefore involve models of such interests and values and their methodological and epistemic effects.     

普通物理双语教学模型探索

本文阐明了对普通物理实施双语教学的重要性。对普通物理双语教学过程中各个环节进行了探索和实践,期望进一步推进我院双语教学的步伐和改善双语教学模式。