奶牛乳房炎致病菌的分离鉴定

对山东聊城地区多家奶牛养殖场和养殖户采集的63份乳房炎奶样进行细菌分离鉴定。采用鉴别培养基及生化鉴定方法对奶样中的病原菌进行分离鉴定并做了药敏实验。分离菌鉴定为链球菌,葡萄球菌,大肠杆菌,棒状杆菌,绿脓杆菌等。药敏试验表明:氧氟沙星、强力霉素、氯霉素、庆大霉素为较为敏感的治疗药物。     

食品源单增李斯特菌喹诺酮类抗生素耐药机制研究

以945株食品源单核细胞增生李斯特菌(Listeria monoocytogens,LM)作为研究对象,分析其对喹诺酮类抗生素耐药的分子机制。采用KB法筛选出喹诺酮类耐药的LM,利用PCR检测喹诺酮耐药决定区(quinolone resistance-determining region,QRDR)的基因突变以及质粒介导喹诺酮耐药(plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance,PMQR)基因的分布情况,结合最小抑菌浓度(MIC)值和外排泵抑制剂利血平分析其外排泵的作用,多位点序列分型(multilocus sequence typing, MLST)结合血清组对耐药菌株进行遗传多样性分析。结果表明:32株耐药菌株中gyrA、gyrB、parC与parE的QRDR均未发生氨基酸突变,且未检测到PMQR相关基因;而7株fepR基因发现新的氨基酸突变位点,其作用机制有待阐明;外排泵基因lde在耐药LM中皆有检出,78.1%(25/32)LM加入利血平后MIC值降低至原MIC的1/2以下,lde可能是导致LM对喹诺酮耐药的重要因素。血清组分析发现32株耐药菌株分属血清组I.1、I.2、II.1、II.2和III,MLST共分为10种ST型,其中ST87、ST9和ST8为优势株,具有一定的致病能力。结果表明,lde是LM产生喹诺酮耐药的重要因素,但LM潜在喹诺酮耐药分子机制仍有待阐明,同时其潜在的致病性应引起重视。     

Arboreality predicts Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis infection level in tropical direct-developing frogs

Pathogen-mediated changes in host behaviour can result from hosts altering their habitat preferences. Although infection risk with pathogenic fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in amphibians is associated with environments favouring its growth, the relationship with microhabitat use has not been examined. Here, we aim to determine if microhabitats used by frogs during their nocturnal activity predict B. dendrobatidis prevalence and infection intensity. Our focal host, Eleutherodactylus coqui, is a habitat generalist that uses multiple habitats from the forest floor to the canopy. We analysed data on B. dendrobatidis occurrence in 157 adults and 122 juveniles at El Yunque National forest in Puerto Rico. We categorized each individual’s nocturnal microhabitat as forest floor, curled palm fronds in the floor, arboreal bromeliads and foliage or tree trunks 50 cm to 2.5 m above ground. We found that frogs on the forest floor had the greatest B. dendrobatidis prevalence (73%), compared with those active in vegetation above ground (55%). Overall, the probability of B. dendrobatidis infection in frogs using microhabitats on the forest floor was twice as great as for those on arboreal substrates. Differences in B. dendrobatidis prevalence and intensity in E. coqui may be explained by specific abiotic conditions of microenvironments (temperature and humidity) affecting both pathogen and host, and by the age-specific ecological requirements of hosts. Adults were found to be most active in microhabitats where individuals had lower infection burdens, suggesting pathogen-modulated habitat choice. This work has important implications for the evolutionary dynamics of enzootic diseases and provides data that may inform potential mitigation strategies against a generalist amphibian pathogen.     

Inhibiting effect of melittin on pathogens of crops

The spectrum of antimicrobial effects of melittin were investigated on 19 pathogens by using a cylin-der-plate method with serial dilutions. Bacteriostatic efficiency and possible mechanistic effects were monitored via growth curves. The mechanism of inhibition was further analyzed by SDS-PAGE, flow cytometry and electron microscopy. Melittin had a wide inhibition spectrum and killed pathogens ef-fectively, and bacteriostatic action was influenced by factors such as pH and temperature. We eluci-dated three inhibitory mechanisms: melittin integrated with the cell membrane causing cell bursting and cytoplasm release, inhibited the synthesis of proteins and caused the cytoplasm to condense, and delayed pathogens in phase I (or phase G1) so that they could not complete the cell cycle. These re-sults suggest that melittin could serve as a broad-spectrum biological pesticide with fast-action and high-efficiency.     

木霉菌对3种蔬菜病原菌的拮抗作用

测定了11种木霉对黄瓜枯萎尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)、黄瓜黑星病瓜疮痂枝孢霉(Cladospori-um cucumerinum)和番茄叶霉病褐孢霉(Fulvia fulva)的拮抗作用,筛选出1株M6粘绿木霉对3种病菌均有较强拮抗作用,而且对黄瓜枯萎病的室内盆栽防效可达65.66%。与此同时还观察到多数木霉生长速度快、生长繁茂,快速覆盖病原菌的菌落,竞争作用、抗生作用和重寄生作用是其主要作用机制。     

Molecular mechanisms of phagocytic uptake in mammalian cells

Phagocytosis is a highly conserved, complex process that has evolved to counter the constant threat posed by pathogens, effete cells and debris. Classically defined as a mechanism for internalising and destroying particles greater than 0.5 mum in size, it is a receptor-mediated, actin-driven process. The best-studied phagocytic receptors are the opsono-receptors, FcgammaR and CR3. Phagocytic uptake involves actin dynamics including polymerisation, bundling, contraction, severing and depolymerisation of actin filaments. Recent evidence points to the importance of membrane remodelling during phagocytosis, both in terms of changes in lipid composition and delivery of new membrane to the sites of particle binding. Here we review the molecular mechanisms of phagocytic uptake and some of the strategies developed by microbial pathogens to manipulate this process.     

一种利用微波炉加热快速提取细菌DNA用于PCR扩增的方法

利用微波加热原理,探索一种快速、简单、高效提取细菌DNA用于常规PCR快速检测的方法。在微波炉额定功率800 W条件下分别对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、单增李斯特氏菌、副溶血弧菌、沙门氏菌以及志贺氏菌6种常见食源性病原菌进行微波处理,离心取上清,获取细菌DNA,将样本DNA进行PCR扩增及琼脂糖凝胶电泳进行验证。并进一步采用微波加热方法针对6种病原菌最低检出浓度和混合提取6种病原菌DNA的PCR检测进行分析。6种病原菌在微波炉中加热40-130 s的上清DNA样本均能用于常规PCR扩增。针对检出浓度的分析表明,副溶血弧菌的最低检出浓度为103 cfu/ml,金黄色葡萄球菌为104 cfu/ml,肠出血性大肠杆菌为105 cfu/ml,肠炎沙门氏菌和福氏志贺氏菌的最低检出浓度为106 cfu/ml,针对单核细胞增生李斯特氏杆菌的的最低检出浓度为107 cfu/ml。进行6种混合菌微波共提取时,其中5种病原菌的特异性基因都能扩出,并且条带很亮。该微波提取方法具有快速,简单,高效的特点,能满足大部分食源性病原菌的常规PCR检测需求,大大节约了时间和成本,具有广泛的适用性,为细菌快速分子检测提供了简便手段。     

奶牛隐性乳腺炎病原菌的分离鉴定及抑菌试验

对成都双流县某奶牛场的部分奶牛乳样进行体细胞记数、主要病原菌分离、培养和生化鉴定以及抑菌试验,结果表明,无乳链球菌,葡萄球菌仍是引起隐性乳房炎的主要病原菌;分离菌株对多种抗菌药产生了耐药性,因而中药防治仍是新思路.     

Fungal genus Hypocrea/Trichoderma: from barcodes to biodiversity

Hypocrea/Trichoderma is a genus of soil-borne or wood-decaying fungi containing members important to mankind as producers of industrial enzymes and biocontrol agents against plant pathogens, but also as opportunistic pathogens of immunocompromised humans and animals, while others can cause damage to cultivated mushroom. With the recent advent of a reliable, BarCode-aided identification system for all known taxa of Trichoderma and Hypocrea, it became now possible to study some of the biological fundamentals of the diversity in this fungal genus in more detail. In this article, we will therefore review recent progress in （1） the understanding of the geographic distribution of individual taxa; （2） mechanisms of speciation leading to development of mushroom diseases and facultative human mycoses; and （3） the possible correlation of specific traits of secondary metabolism and molecular phylogeny.     

一株抗荔枝病原菌的枯草芽孢杆菌的分离鉴定及其发酵条件的初步研究

对从健康果树际土壤中分离得到的一株有较强的抑制荔枝病原菌活性的菌株(ON-6)进行鉴定,以荔枝霜疫霉和荔枝炭疽菌作为指示菌,对该菌株的拮抗能力进行测定,并对其发酵条件进行初步研究.结果表明,菌株ON-6鉴定为枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis),其无菌发酵液对荔枝霜疫霉菌、炭疽菌有明显抑制作用,抑制率分别...