Fantastic Beasts and where (not) to find them: Local gravitational energy and energy conservation in general relativity

This paper critically examines energy-momentum conservation and local (differential) notions of gravitational energy in General Relativity (GR). On the one hand, I argue that energy-momentum of matter is indeed locally (differentially) conserved: Physical matter energy-momentum 4-currents possess no genuine sinks/sources. On the other hand, global (integral) energy-momentum conservation is contingent on spacetime symmetries. Local gravitational energy-momentum is found to be a supererogatory notion. Various explicit proposals for local gravitational energy-momentum are investigated and found wanting. Besides pseudotensors, the proposals considered include those of Lorentz and Levi-Civita, Pitts and Baker. It is concluded that the ontological commitment we ought to have towards gravitational energy in GR mimics the natural anti-realism/eliminativism towards apparent forces in Newtonian Mechanics.     

光波的两种频移

本文分析光波在引力场中的频移，讨论光波多普勒效应频移的普遍公式，运用光波频移探讨宇宙的模型。     

用热重分析仪测量材料磁性的研究

本文报导用下皿式热重分析仪测量某些材料的磁性，并对测量铁磁材料的饱和磁化强度、居里温度、弱磁材料磁化率等磁性参数的可行性、精度、注意事项等做了较为深入的探讨．     

可观测的引力双象

恒星作为引力透镜的重要性长期以来被忽视,已有文章指出,几乎所有河外天体都应由于某颗恒星的引力场对光线的偏折之故而形成双象。在大多数情况下,这样的双象的角距在毫角秒的数量级。有理由相信,当天文观测深入到毫角秒以下时,会出现好些奇特现象,特别是河外天体中两个小部分之间的表观速度很容易超过光速。     

R+R2引力理论与引力辐射波

由拉氏函数Ｌ＝√－ｇ（λＲ＋αＲμｙＲ＾μｙ＋βＲ＾２－Ｌｍ）的Ｒ＋Ｒ＾２经力场方程作弱线性近似,得到含有高阶导数的引力波动方程,利用格林函数方法求出了引力辐射波解,这些解是推迟解,包含了以光速ｃ传播的波和传播速度小于ｃ的波,在耦合常数α→０,β→０的情况下,这些解退化为Ｅｉｎｓｔｅｉｎ引力理论的相应结果。     

A Fast Algorithm for GVF Snake Model

A research on difference scheme of image gravitational field in the GVF snake model is performed depending on the uniform stability and convergence conditions of the difference scheme.It is found that the original explicit forward difference scheme puts a strict restriction on the diffusion coefficient in the partial differential equation which decelerates the convergence speed of difference equation iteration.A new difference scheme is put forward,which has the advantage of unconditional uniform stability and convergence,and the restriction on the coefficient of partial differential equation is removed.Through increasing the value of the coefficient appropriately,the image of boundary information transmission becomes faster.Hence,iteration calculations are decreased rapidly for a given transmission range.The simulation experiments indicate that the new difference scheme be higher efficiency than the traditional one.     

旋转问题一级近似惯性坐标系的选取——比被绕行物体高一级天体的引力场

在旋转问题中,坐标系的选取至关重要,否则会因角速度测量不准而出现错误。旋转问题一级近似惯性坐标系,应该选取比被绕行物体高一级的天体引力场：（1）一般的旋转问题——固定在地球上的直角坐标系;（2）卫星绕地球旋转问题——日心一地心直角坐标系;（3）地球绕太阳旋转问题一艮河系心．日心直角坐标系。在天体物理学中,质量计算不准和旋转角速度测量不准导致黑洞猜想。     

It ain't necessarily so: Gravitational waves and energy transport

I review and critically examine the four textbook arguments commonly taken to establish that gravitational waves (GWs) carry energy-momentum: 1. the increase in kinetic energy that a GW confers on a ring of test particles, 3.Bondi/Feynman's Sticky Bead Argument of a GW heating up a detector, 3. nonlinearities within perturbation theory, construed as the gravity's contribution to its own source, and 4. the Noether Theorems, linking symmetries and conserved quantities. As it stands, each argument is found to be either contentious, or incomplete in that it presupposes substantive assumptions which the standard exposition glosses over. I finally investigate the standard interpretation of binary systems, according to which orbital decay is explained by the system's energy being dissipated via GW energy-momentum transport. I contend that for the textbook treatment of binary systems an alternative interpretation, drawing only on the general-relativistic equations of motions and the Einstein Equations, is available. It's argued to be even preferable to the standard interpretation. Thereby an inference to the best explanation for GW energy-momentum is blocked. I conclude that a defence of the claim that GWs carry energy can't rest on the standard arguments.     

真空不空

从Einstein的引力理论和量子场等方面来说明真空并不是空无一物的状态,而是潜在的含有粒子世界的一种状态,真空是"充满着生机的真空."我们对真空的认识已经从现象的容器转变为最重要的动力学量.