经典遗传学为什么崛起于美国?——评美、德的不同社会环境对遗传学的影响

本文对经典遗传学产生的社会和历史渊源作出了社会学的和思想的考察,并加以深入的分析。     

Quantitative genetic models of sexual selection

Summary Quantitative genetic models of sexual selection have disporven some of the central tenets of both the handicap mechanism and the sexy son hypothesis. These results suggest that the good genes approach to sexual selection may generally lead to erroneous results.Runaway sexual selection seems possible under a wide variety of circumstances. Quantittive genetic models have revealed runaway processes for sexually selected attributes expressed in both sexes and for attributes of parental care. Furthermore, the runaway could occur simultaneously in a series of populations that straddle an environmental gradient. While the models support the feasibility of runaway processes, empirical studies are needed to evaluate whether runaways actually happen. Estimates of critical genetic parameters are particularly needed, as well as measures of natural and sexual selection acting on the same population.The models also show that sexual selection has tremendous potential to produce population differentiation, particularly in epigamic traits. Differentiation is promoted by indeterminancy of evolutionary outcome, transient differences among populations during the final slow approach to equilibrium, sampling drift among equilibrium populations, and the tendency of sexual selection to amplify geographic variation arising from spatial differences in natural selection. Recent work with two- and three-locus models of sexual selection has produced results that parallel the results of the polygenic models^36–38,58. Thus the feature of indeterminate equilibria (outcome dependent on initial conditions) is common to both types of model.     

Mitochondrial DNA evidence for the 19th century introduction of African honey bees into the United States

Since the introduction of an African subspecies into Brazil in the mid-1950's¹, descendent Africanized honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) have spread throughout the Neotropics and into temperate North America. Restriction enzyme analysis of 422 feral honey bee colonies collected from non-Africanized areas in the southern United States revealed that over 21% of them had mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) derived from a European race established in North America by the 17th century, 77% of them had mtDNA common in honey bees maintained by beekeepers and about 1% exhibited African mtDNA. Further analysis revealed that the African mtDNA was derived from a north African subspecies imported to the US in the 19th century.     

李森科学派——现代遗传学发展中的一股逆流(续完)

任本命,王　虹(西安文理学院化学与生命科学系,陕西西安710065)5　赫鲁晓夫的倒台和李森科主义的终结为了挽救苏联农业的失败,赫鲁晓夫准备进行新的改组并要求召开新的中央委员会.1964年夏末,他关于改组农业和提高生产水平的一次报告起草完毕,并发到各科研单位和地区委员会传阅.据说这篇报告的基本思想是将农业部对农业的集中控制权下放到负责作物生产的各专门部、委和托拉斯.其中一个托拉斯或委员会专门处理李森科关于生产混合肥料的建议,报告草案对李森科的反对者仍然进行了严厉的批评.报告准备好后,赫鲁晓夫先是出国访问,回来之后便到黑…     

DNA分子标记及其在作物遗传育种中的应用

对DNA分子标记技术：RFLP、RAPD、AFLP、SSR、ISSR、SNP等的原理和特点，以及不同DNA分子标记在作物亲缘关系与遗传多样性、指纹图谱的建立、遗传图谱的构建与基因定位、及分子标记辅助选择育种等方面所取得的应用效果进行了较为详尽的论述，充分展示这项技术的发展具有巨大的应用潜力和广阔的应用前景．     

把基因分析引进人类学——人类学学者访谈录之三十九

结合自身的研究,探讨了遗传学在人类学的应用及前景问题,如体质人类学、医学人类学、分子人类学、考古人类学等分支领域。     

动物基因图谱的研究现状及其应用

随着人类基因组测序的完成，近年来，动物基因组计划也取得了巨大进展．目前已有猪、牛、羊、马、鹿、鸡等动物绘制了较完善的遗传图谱。这些图谱的建立对了解动物整个基因组结构和对家畜中与重要经济性状相关的基因或遗传标记的鉴定及对家畜开展分子标记辅助选择均十分重要，该文从国内外构建动物基因图谱的方法、研究现状及发展趋势等方面对动物基因图谱的研究作了简要阐述；并探讨了其在基因定位、遗传分析、分子标记辅助选择和研究动物染色体行为等方面的应用。     

基因组研究离诠释生命奥妙还有多远

基因组研究表明，人类与黑猩猩和老鼠的基因序列98％以上是相同的，是否是这1％～2％的基因的差异，就决定了人与黑猩猩和老鼠在表现型方面很大的差异?本文通过大量分析表明，由碱基(5个)→核酸[DNA→RNA(mRNA、rRNA、tRNA)]→氨基酸(22种)→蛋白质(数百千种)→染色体→基因组→性状，其遗传变异信息有逐级放大的过程。这是生物间基因序列虽然有98％甚至99％的相同，但表现型差异却较大的原因所在。基因序列完全相同，并不能说明基因功能相同，基因组研究的结果不能完全诠释基因功能表达的复杂过程。今后必将由序列基因组学→结构基因组学→功能基因组学→蛋白质组学深入发展，必须从网络层次研究基因表达，才能揭示生命的奥妙。另外我们使用的各种基因组研究技术和软件还有待改进，才能真正反映生物基因的差异。     

Nuclear Technique and Agriculture in China

Nuclear technique is a powerful scientific tool in agricultural research, an area with fruitful achievements in China. Application of nuclear technique in agriculture (Nuclear Agricultural Sciences) based on the development of related science and technology is a high-tech area, and also a significant aspect of non-electrical power application of nuclear technique. As an important component of agricultural science and technology, Nuclear technique application in agricultural field has achieved a lot and made remarkable contributions to the economic, social and ecological development of China. The current paper reviews the achievements, and presents the situation of the application of nuclear technique in the Chinese a-griculture briefly. The author strongly suggests that Chinese     

《遗传学》实验教学与创新能力提高的探索与实践

遗传学是生命科学域的重要基础学科。为适应生命科学的发展,实施创新教育,培养创新人才与卓越人才,《遗传学》实验的教学内容和教学模式必须与时俱进进行改革。随着农业院校培养方案的改革,结合西北农林科技大学创新人才培养的目标和要求,文中在教学内容、教学方法、教学手段、教学过程等方面开展了一系列教学改革的研究与实践,对进一步深化遗传学实验教学改革具有重要意义。