Surface pollen assemblages of human-disturbed vegetation and their relationship with vegetation and climate in Northeast China

Pollen assemblages of 53 surface pollen samples from farmlands and wastelands in Northeast China were analyzed. Tree pollen percentages were usually higher than 30%, with Pinus (26.9%), Quercus (0.9%), Betula (0.9%) and Populus (0.7%) as the major types, and herb pollen percentages were usually higher than 50%, with weedy Poaceae (8.7%), Chenopodiaceae (7.1%), Artemisia (1.9%) and Compositae (3.5%) as the major taxa. Thus, the pollen assemblages were consistent with the regional vegetation compositions. However, there were differences in pollen assemblages among regions, especially among different geomorphological units. For example, in the mountains, there were more types of tree pollen and higher total percentages (average 42%) than in other areas, while cereal pollen percentages were lowest (11.2%). In the hills and high plains, herbs made up more than 60% of the pollens, with cereals (average 53.6%) the dominant type. In the low plains, pollen types were similar to those in the hills and high plains, but total pollen concentrations and the proportion of Concentricystes were much higher, while cereal pollen percentages were slightly lower (average 41.6%). Pollen assemblages in different land use types also differed. For example, in farmland, cereal pollen percentages were more than 40% and Chenopodiaceae was usually less than 2.5%, while in wasteland, weedy Poaceae was usually less than 10% and Chenopodiaceae was usually higher than 25%. Total pollen concentrations in farmland (average 3909 grains/g) were much lower than in wasteland (average 15074 grains/g). Redundancy analysis revealed that pollen assemblages were significantly negatively correlated with mean annual temperature (-0.73) and July mean temperature (-0.81) and significantly positively correlated with mean annual precipitation (0.48), indicating that pollen assemblages in the artificial or human-disturbed vegetation reflect regional climate well. Comparison of pollen assemblages in different areas of northern China showed that pollen concentrations reflect the intensities of human impact to some degree. For example, pollen concentrations decrease as human impacts increase in intensity. The cereal pollen proportions in farmland differed by area. In Northeast China, cereal pollen proportions were distinctly higher than in most other areas of northern China, suggesting differences in planting habits and climate.     

乌苏里江水深遥感反演

文中在分析卫星遥感测深机理的基础上,利用SVCHR-1024高光谱成像仪确定了可见光反演水深的最佳波段,通过对HJ星CCD数据各波段反射率、波段比值组合对水体、水深的敏感性分析,建立了适合于乌苏里江的单波段对数水深反演模型,从而快速获取乌苏里江河道地形信息,并探测了河道深泓线,整体精度达到80%以上.遥感反演水深可快速探测河道深泓线的方法,为乌苏里江河势演变研究提供了新的思路.     

Palaeogeothermal response and record of the effusing of Emeishan basalts in the Sichuan basin

Thermal history of the Sichuan basin is reconstructed based on vitrinite reflectance from boreholes in the basin using a paleo-heat flow method.The results show that the Sichuan basin experienced a relatively low heat flow period in the Early Paleozoic,and an elevated paleo-heat flow,ranging 60-80 mW/m2 with a maximum as high as 100 mW/m2 around 259 Ma,from the beginning of the Late Paleozoic to the end of the early Permian,and a decreased paleo-heat flow from the late Permian to the late Triassic,and then ...     

A rock magnetic record of Asian cooling and aridification processes during 1.95-0.40 Ma in the southeastern Chinese Loess Plateau

The southeastern Chinese Loess Plateau is the terminal deposition area of dusts transported by the East Asian winter monsoon and the frontal area penetrated by the East Asian summer monsoon,and thus a climate sensitive region.This paper reports a rock magnetic study of a Quaternary loess-paleosol section in such a region.We tried to reconstruct the paleoclimate evolution history in the region during 1.95–0.40 Ma with magnetic parameters.The results show a general up-section decreasing trend of the ratio of HIRM/(SIRM–IRM100 mT),indicating a long-term decreasing trend of hematite coercivities in the deposits,which can be mainly related to the cooling and aridification trend of the environment in interglacial depositional area and glacial dust source region.The ratio,lf/ARM,widely used to reflect the variations of magnetic mineral grain size,manifests a long-term increasing trend of the magnetic mineral grain size and tends to indicate an overall weakening trend of the East Asian summer monsoon that controlled the pedogenic intensity.Although the regional multi-segmented paleoclimatic records revealed by several magnetic parameters in our study,the long-term Asian cooling and aridification trend inferred here is of global correlation significance.     

离子交换法吸附分离发酵液中的丙酸

比较了9种弱碱性阴离子交换树脂对费氏丙酸杆菌发酵液中丙酸的静态和动态吸附性能。结果表明：树脂ZGA330对含有12.6g/L丙酸的发酵液丙酸的静态吸附量最大,吸附量为44.9mg/g;动态吸附过程中对发酵液中主要营养成分糖、氨基酸吸附很少,而对丙酸吸附量高达205.5mg/g。成功地通过树脂吸附将发酵系统中的丙酸分离出去,实现了维生素B₁₂的高密度发酵,维生素B₁₂的产量由9.1mg/L提高到13.1mg/L,增加了0.44倍。研究结果为丙酸的发酵与吸附分离耦合过程研究提供了基础,丙酸吸附分离后的发酵液继续进行维生素B₁₂发酵生产可以解除丙酸的抑制作用,提高了维生素B₁₂的产量。     

Implementation of an efficient segregated algorithm-IDEAL on 3D collocated grid system

The segregated algorithm-IDEAL (inner doubly-iterative efficient algorithm for linked-equations) is an efficient and stable algorithm. In this algorithm, there exist inner doubly-iterative processes for pressure equation, which almost completely overcome two approximations in SIMPLE algorithm. Thus the coupling between velocity and pressure is fully guaranteed, greatly enhancing the convergence rate and stability of iteration process. In this paper, implementation of the IDEAL algorithm on a 3D collocated grid system is conducted. The interface velocity is calculated by the modified momentum interpolation method (MMIM), by which the converged result is independent of the under-relaxation factor. Finally, five three-dimensional incompressible fluid flow and heat transfer problems are provided to compare the convergence rate and robustness between the IDEAL and three other most widely-used algorithms (SIMPLER, SIMPLEC and PISO). By the comparison it can be concluded that the IDEAL algorithm is more robust and efficient than the three other algorithms. Supported by the Key Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 50636050), Fundamental Projects of Research and Development in China (973) (Grant Nos. 2006CB601203 and 2007CB206902)     

硬段含量对快速固化聚氨酯修补胶性能的影响

制备了不同硬段含量(18%~34%)的快速固化聚氨酯修补胶(PRA),考察了硬段含量对PRA的固化时间、力学性能、耐热性能、耐水性能和耐磨性能的影响。结果表明：当硬段含量由18%增加到34%时,PRA的氢键化程度增大,固化速度加快,拉伸强度、撕裂强度和剪切强度增大,断裂伸长率减小;随着硬段含量的增加,总体上PRA的起始分解温度提高,硬段热失重率增大,软段热失重率减小;硬段含量对PRA吸水率的影响很小,浸水7d后PRA的力学性能与浸水前相比有所下降;随着硬段含量的增加,PRA的磨耗体积先减小后增大,在硬段含量为26%和30%时磨耗体积较小;硬段含量为30%的PRA的综合性能较好,其固化时间为50s,拉伸强度为19.94MPa,断裂伸长率为460%,撕裂强度为70.72kN/m,剪切强度为1.87MPa,阿克隆磨耗体积为47mm³。     

Spatial and temporal variations of C3/C4 relative abundance in global terrestrial ecosystem since the Last Glacial and its possible driving mechanisms

The primary factor controlling C 3 /C 4 relative abundance in terrestrial ecosystem since the Last Glacial has been widely debated. Now more and more researchers recognize that climate, rather than atmospheric CO 2 concentration, is the dominant factor. However, for a specific area, conflicting viewpoints regarding the more influential one between temperature and precipitation still exist. As temperature and precipitation in a specific area usually not only vary within limited ranges, but also covary with each other, it is difficult to get a clear understanding of the mechanism driving C 3 /C4 relative abundance. Therefore, systematic analysis on greater spatial scales may promote our understanding of the driving force. In this paper, records of C3/C4 relative abundance since the Last Glacial on a global scale have been reviewed, and we conclude that: except the Mediterranean climate zone, C3 plants predominated the high latitudes during both the Last Glacial and the Holocene; from the Last Glacial to the Holocene, C4 relative abundances increased in the middle latitudes, but decreased in the low latitudes. Combining with studies of modern process, we propose a simplified model to explain the variations of C3 /C4 relative abundance in global ecosystem since the Last Glacial. On the background of atmospheric CO2 concentration since the Last Glacial, temperature is the primary factor controlling C3/C4 relative abundance; when temperature is high enough, precipitation then exerts more influence. In detail, in low latitudes, temperature was high enough for the growth of C4 plants during both the Last Glacial and the Holocene; but increased precipitation in the Holocene inhibited the growth of C4 plants. In middle latitudes, rising temperature in the Holocene promoted the C4 expansion. In high latitudes, temperature was too low to favor the growth of C4 plants and the biomass was predominated by C3 plants since the Last Glacial. Our review would benefit interpretation of newly gained records of C3/C4 relative abundance from different areas and different periods, and has its significance in the understanding of the driving mechanisms of C3/C4 variations on longer timescales (e.g., since the late Miocene) with reliable records of temperature and atmospheric CO2 concentration.     

月桂基咪唑啉对银的缓蚀性能研究

合成了月桂基咪唑啉(LM),并采用FT-IR对LM进行结构表征。以南京长干寺遗址地宫出土的阿育王塔的银基体模拟样品为试样,通过预膜法、重量法、动电位扫描法、电化学交流阻抗法研究了LM对银试样在Na₂S腐蚀介质中的缓蚀性能,并与银质文物上常用的含氮类缓蚀剂苯骈三氮唑(BTA)、含硫类缓蚀剂1-苯基-5-巯基四氮唑(PMTA)在Na₂S腐蚀介质中的缓蚀效果进行了比较。结果表明,与裸银试样相比,经质量分数为1%LM预膜处理后的银试样在5mg/L Na₂S溶液中的缓蚀率为59.1%;自腐蚀电流密度 i_c 减小了0.111 μA/cm²,电化学体系的双电层电容C_d降低了51.39μF/cm²,电化学阻抗R_t增加了73.5kΩ·cm²;采用重量法、动电位扫描法、交流阻抗法等方法比较了质量分数均为1%的BTA、LM、PMTA对银的缓蚀效果,得出缓蚀率η从大到小顺序排列为：η_PMTA>η_LM>η_BTA。     

环氧树脂固化动力学及促进剂用量对体系的影响

采用差示扫描量热法（DSC）对高压绝缘拉杆用环氧树脂体系进行固化动力学研究,得到了相应的动力学方程。探究了促进剂用量对树脂体系固化动力学参数的影响,结果表明：随着促进剂用量的提高,体系的固化温度整体呈现逐渐降低的趋势,活化能逐渐减小。当促进剂用量（质量分数）为0.5%时,固化后产物T_g达到最高值106.3 ℃。