Rapid growth and sterility of growth hormone gene transgenic triploid carp

Triploid carp (100%) with 150 (3n=150) chromosomes were obtained by crossing the females of improved tetraploid hybrids (♀, 4n=200) of red crucian carp (♀)×common carp (♂) with the males of diploid yellow river carp (♂, 2n=100). The crosses yielded transgenic triploid carp (positive triploid fish, 44.2% of the progeny) and non-transgenic triploid carp (negative triploid fish). Histological examination of the gonads of 24-month-old positive triploid fish suggested they were sterile and the fish were not able to produce mature gametes during the breeding season. Morphologically, both the positive and negative triploid fish were similar. They had a spindle-shaped, laterally compressed, steel grey body with two pairs of barbells. Most of the quantifiable traits of the triploid carp were intermediate between those of the two parents. The positive and negative triploid fish were raised in the same pond for 2 years. The mean body weight of the positive triploid fish was 2.3 times higher than the negative triploid fish. The weight of the largest positive triploid fish was 2.91 times higher than that of the largest negative triploid fish. Thus, we produced fast-growing transgenic triploid carp that have a reduced ecological risk because of their inability to mate and produce progeny.     

记忆面孔, 男女有别: 关于面孔再认性别差异的行为与ERP研究

采用行为实验及事件相关电位技术, 通过学习-测验范式考察面孔再认中的性别差异,结果发现: (ⅰ) 女性面孔更容易被记住, 且女性很可能比男性更擅长记忆面孔. (ⅱ) 旧面孔诱发的N170 波幅更大, 表明该脑电成分可受到面孔熟悉度的调制. (ⅲ) 女性面孔诱发的N170 波幅更大, 而男性面孔引发的P2 波幅更大; 前者可能与女性面孔可变化的特征较多、需要更大的心理负载有关; 后者可能与男性面孔可变化的特征较少、再认难度较大, 从而需要更深的加工有关. (ⅳ) 新旧面孔诱发女性被试的P1 波幅存在差异, 但男性被试身上不存在此现象, 提示女性的脑活动可能比男性更早地受面孔的熟悉度所调制. 此外, 女性被试对于新旧面孔还表现出P2, N250 波幅的差异, 且女性被试新旧效应涉及的头皮范围比男性更广, 这些都为女性较好的面孔再认能力提供了电生理证据.     

特异材料与卡西米尔(Casimir)效应

对平板结构情况下卡西米尔(Casimir)效应的理论研究进展进行了综述, 特别对排斥型卡西米尔力的研究做了较详细的介绍. 随着近年来特异材料(metamaterlas)研究与制备技术的快速发展, 人们可以通过人工电磁微结构对材料的电磁特性进行控制, 从而为获取卡西米尔排斥力以及回复力创造了条件. 相关基础研究的成果将在微纳机电系统方面具有广阔的应用.     

额颞痴呆与Pick病

额颞痴呆(frontotemporal dementia,FTD)是以额颞叶萎缩为特征的一组神经变性疾病。病因认为是轴索病变继发神经细胞改变,机制为常染色体显性遗传。病理为双侧额叶,颞叶前端的局限性萎缩,可累及尾状核、壳核、丘脑、黑质等皮质下结构。起病隐袭,早期症状为行为、人格改变,渐进性发展为认知功能损害,迅速进展为语言障碍,晚期通常沉默不语,不能与人交流,可有行为异常。MRI显示额叶、前颞叶萎缩。确诊依赖于病理学证据,如局限性额颞叶萎缩,神经元和神经胶质发现tau蛋白包涵体及Pick小体细胞。目前无特异性治疗的治疗方法。     

从并系到子代数的扩张

本文讨论了从一个并系到半环再到子代数的扩张过程，得到了Ｍ是并系，则是由Ｍ所生成的子代数的结果。     

Combined effects of solar UV radiation and CO2-induced seawater acidification on photosynthetic carbon fixation of phytoplankton assemblages in the South China Sea

We carried out short term pCO₂/pH perturbation experiments in the coastal waters of the South China Sea to evaluate the combined effects of seawater acidification (low pH/high pCO₂) and solar UV radiation (UVR, 280–400 nm) on photosynthetic carbon fixation of phytoplankton assemblages. Under photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) alone treatments, reduced pCO² (190 ppmv) with increased pH resulted in a significant decrease in the photosynthetic carbon fixation rate (about 23%), while enriched pCO₂ (700 ppmv) with lowered pH had no significant effect on the photosynthetic performance compared to the ambient level. The apparent photosynthetic efficiency decreased under the reduced pCO₂ level, probably due to C-limitation as well as energy being diverged for up-regulation of carbon concentrating mechanisms (CCMs). In the presence of UVR, both UV-A and UV-B caused photosynthetic inhibition, though UV-A appeared to enhance the photosynthetic efficiency under lower PAR levels. UV-B caused less inhibition of photosynthesis under the reduced pCO₂ level, probably because of its contribution to the inorganic carbon (Ci)-acquisition processes. Under the seawater acidification conditions (enriched pCO₂), both UV-A and UV-B reduced the photosynthetic carbon fixation to higher extents compared to the ambient pCO₂ conditions. We conclude that solar UV and seawater acidification could synergistically inhibit photosynthesis.     

Natural selection and adaptive evolution of leptin

Leptin is an adiposity-secreted hormone that is pivotal in regulating feeding behavior,energy metabolism and body mass.The study of leptin has been of crucial importance for public health and pharmaceutical intervention given its role in obesity.Generally,leptin is highly conserved due to its functional importance.However,episodes of rapid sequence evolution and positive selection have been observed in some mammalian species,indicating that the leptin functions in these animals may have undergone adaptive modification to their environments.In this article,we review the adaptive evolution of leptin and its potential functional consequences.This review is expected to guide future research of molecular evolution and functional assays of this gene,and also to provide a theoretical foundation for the use of leptin in therapeutic applications.     

Positive Darwinian selection in human population: A review

This paper reviews a large number of genes under positive Darwinian selection in modern human populations, such as brain development genes, immunity genes, reproductive related genes, percep- tion receptors. The research on the evolutionary property of these genes will provide important insight into human evolution and disease mechanisms. With the increase of population genetics and com- parative genomics data, more and more evidences indicate that positive Darwinian selection plays an indispensable role in the origin and evolution of human beings. This paper will also summarize the methods to detect positive selection, analyze the interference factors faced and make suggestions for further research on positive selection.     

Application of the phylogenetic analysis in mitochondrial disease study

Mitochondrial disease currently received an increasing concern. However, the case-control design commonly adopted in this field is vulnerable to genetic background, population stratification and poor data quality. Although the phylogenetic analysis could help solve part of these problems, it has not received adequate attention. This paper is a review of this method as well as its application in mitochondrial disease study.     

SrCl2-H3B03-H2O体系中H3BO3介稳区性质的研究

利用激光法对SrCl₂-H₃B0₃-H₂O体系中硼酸结晶介稳区性质进行研究,得出了介稳区宽度、成核级数和溶解度性质,同时给出了该体系中硼酸的成核速率和溶解度方程,对介稳区规律给出了较为合理的理论解释。本文通过对SrCl₂-H₃B0₃-H₂O体系中H₃B0₃的介稳区性质的研究认为：该混合体系中的SrCl₂的存在会导致一个最宽介稳区产生,有利于实际生产的控制;成核级数的计算证明少量SrCl₂ 的存在不会干扰生产控制,不需要刻意去除;混合体系中SrCl₂的加入会降低硼酸的溶解度,且随着SrCl₂的浓度增加,硼酸溶解度降低的幅度增大。