共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
Adipose tissue is an important endocrine organ and energy supplier.Its physiological effect on the regulation of the energy balance is considered an important factor underlying the evolution of mammals.To test whether the genes controlling lipid metabolism have undergone adaptive molecular change in the evolution of mammals,in this study,we used the orthologous gene sequences of 12 important lipid metabolism proteins (leptin,OB-RL,RXRA,RXRB,RXRG,PPARA,PPARB/D,PPARG,PNLIP,ADIPOQ,LPL and UCP1) from NCBI’s databases.We found evidence that 4 of the corresponding genes (leptin,ADIPOQ,PNLIP and PPARA) have undergone positive selection in their evolutionary history and that most adaptive changes occurred during the evolution of the super-clades Laurasiatheria (placentals) and suborders within Euarchontoglires (primates and rodents).Comparisons across sets of genes showed that in a third of cases,bursts of positive selection,more than would be expected by chance,occurred on corresponding branches.We propose that the positive selection drives adaptive changes in some lipid metabolism genes in or within Laurasiatheria and Euarchontoglires clades.Along with evidence from earlier studies,our results show that co-evolution among interacting lipid metabolism proteins has taken place. 相似文献
2.
Prochlorococcus is a marine cyanobacterium of global significance. Two ecotypes are adapted to either high-light (HL) or low-light (LL) conditions. The ratio between chlorophyll (Chl) a and b is a distinguishing characteristic of these two ecotypes. However, how this ratio evolved in Prochlorococcus during this ecotype differentiation remains unclear. Our analyses reveal that the ancestor of Prochlorococcus was typically low-light adapted. The LL ecotype showed a stagnant evolution, and the HL ecotype was recently diverged. There was an adaptive radiation after directional evolution in the Chl b/a ratio regulation. Recombination in chlorophyllide a oxygenase (CAO) and positive selection on Clp protease contributed to the directional evolution of Prochlorococcus. The recombinant fragments of CAO were correlated with a large group of shared coevolving sites. Evidence of positive selection was found in both subunits of Clp. Chl b/a ratio evolution, as annotated by molecular evidence, appears to be among the crucial reasons that explain how Prochlorococcus has become the dominant photosynthetic organism in the ocean. 相似文献
3.
Chinese snub-nosed monkeys (genus Rhinopithecus, subfamily Colobinae), including R. bieti, R. brelichi and R. roxellana, are well-known as the non-human primates with the highest known altitudinal distribution. They represent an interesting
model organism of adaptation to the extreme environmental stresses. However, no study at the molecular level has yet been
reported for the high-altitude adaptation in Chinese snub-nosed monkeys. Leptin, as an adipocyte-derived hormone, is believed
to play an important role in energy homeostasis in adaptation to high altitude environments. In the present study, we sequenced
and compared leptin sequences of the Chinese snub-nosed monkeys (R. bieti and R. roxellana) with their lowland close relative R. avunculus and other Colobines. Unexpectedly, no amino acid changes were observed in the 7 Colobinae species examined, including the
2 Chinese snub-nosed monkeys, indicating no difference in the evolutionary pattern of the Leptin gene between high-altitude monkeys and their lowland counterparts. In contrast to a previous finding of adaptive evolution
of Leptin gene in plateau pikas, our study suggests that this gene may not have an important role in high-altitude adaptation of Chinese
snub-nosed monkeys. Other nuclear genes associated with energy metabolism, or mitochondrial genes, are most likely to be involved
the molecular mechanism underlying adaptation of these monkeys to cold and hypoxia associated with the highland environment. 相似文献
4.
5.
《自然科学进展(英文版)》2022,32(6):674-683
Functional materials show various highly demanded performances originating from intrinsic features related to degrees of freedom in a lattice framework. Presently, deep physical or chemical insights of quantum materials stimulate researchers to clarify multiscale processes within both materials and devices, which may be understood as functional materials that possess energy origin beyond electron contribution. It is of great significance for the design of functional materials to understand the sources of properties of functional materials from the perspective of multi degrees of freedom via multiscale research methods. This short review illustrates the importance and explores the energy source of functional materials from multiple degrees of freedom perspectives. Moreover, we analyzed the multiple degrees of freedom within lithium niobate single crystals to clarify their multiscale features. This short review may, in some cases, provide a perspective for enhancing research scopes of functional materials and recommending some methodologies from multiple degrees of freedom perspectives. 相似文献
6.
7.
Zhengguo Zhou Changshuo Yue Kezhao He Chonghe Zhao Zetong Nie Daoqian Tai Nan Ye 《科学通报(英文版)》1999,44(18):1688-1688
From the stratotype section of the Bazhukeng Formation, Dengshan Group (formerly assigned to the late Proterozoic), situated at Dengshan Village, Zhujia, Yiyang County, Jiangxi Province, three dinoflagellate-bearing horizons have been found, in which the lower two contain ?Conochitina sp. andCyathochitina sp., while the upper yields ?Conochitina sp. and ?Rhabdochitina sp., which testifies that the stratigraphic units concerned belong to the early Paleozoic in age. Such a discovery is significant for re-ascertaining the age of the “Banxi Group” in South China, and the tectontc namework and its evolution. 相似文献
8.
Andolfatto P 《Nature》2005,437(7062):1149-1152
A large fraction of eukaryotic genomes consists of DNA that is not translated into protein sequence, and little is known about its functional significance. Here I show that several classes of non-coding DNA in Drosophila are evolving considerably slower than synonymous sites, and yet show an excess of between-species divergence relative to polymorphism when compared with synonymous sites. The former is a hallmark of selective constraint, but the latter is a signature of adaptive evolution, resembling general patterns of protein evolution in Drosophila. I estimate that about 40-70% of nucleotides in intergenic regions, untranslated portions of mature mRNAs (UTRs) and most intronic DNA are evolutionarily constrained relative to synonymous sites. However, I also use an extension to the McDonald-Kreitman test to show that a substantial fraction of the nucleotide divergence in these regions was driven to fixation by positive selection (about 20% for most intronic and intergenic DNA, and 60% for UTRs). On the basis of these observations, I suggest that a large fraction of the non-translated genome is functionally important and subject to both purifying selection and adaptive evolution. These results imply that, although positive selection is clearly an important facet of protein evolution, adaptive changes to non-coding DNA might have been considerably more common in the evolution of D. melanogaster. 相似文献
9.
What is the relationship between the topological connections among enzymes and their functions during metabolic network evolution? Does this relationship show similarity among closely related organisms? Here we investigated the relationship between enzyme connectivity and functions in metabolic networks of chloroplast and its endosymbiotic ancestor, cyanobacteria (Synechococcus sp. WH8102). Also several other species, including E. coli, Arabidopsis thaliana and Cyanidioschyzon merolae, were used for the comparison. We found that the average connectivity among different functional pathways and enzyme classifications (EC) was different in all the species examined. However, the average connectivity of enzymes in the same functional classification was quite similar between chloroplast and one representative of cyanobacteria, syw. In addition, the enzymes in the highly conserved modules between chloroplast and syw, such as amino acid metabolism, were highly connected compared with other modules. We also discovered that the isozymes of chloroplast and syw often had higher connectivity, corresponded to primary metabolism and also existed in conserved module. In conclusion, despite the drastic re-organization of metabolism in chloroplast during endosymbiosis, the relationship between network topology and functions is very similar between chloroplast and its precursor cyanobacteria, which demonstrates that the relationship may be used as an indicator of the closeness in evolution. 相似文献
10.
Adaptive evolution plays a role in the functional divergence and specialization of taste receptors and the sense of taste is thought to be closely related to feeding ecology.To examine whether feeding ecology has shaped the evolution of taste receptor genes in vertebrates,we here focus on Tas1r gene family that encodes umami(Tas1r1 and Tas1r3 heterodimer) and sweet(Tas1r2 and Tas1r3 heterodimer) taste receptors.By searching currently available genome sequences in 48 vertebrates that contain 38 mammals,1 reptile,3 birds,1 frog,and 5 fishes,we found all three members of Tas1rs are intact in most species,suggesting umami and sweet tastes are maintained in most vertebrates.Interestingly,the absence and pseudogenization of Tas1rs were also discovered in a number of species with diverse feeding preferences and distinct phylogenetic positions,indicating widespread losses of umami and/or sweet tastes in these animals,irrespective of their diet.Together with previous findings showing losses of tastes in other vertebrates,we failed to identify common dietary factors that could result in the taste losses.Our results report here suggest the evolution of Tas1rs is more complex than we previously appreciated and highlight the caveat of analyzing sequences predicted from draft genome sequences.Future work for a better understanding of taste receptor function would help uncover what ecological factors have driven the evolution history of Tas1rs in vertebrates. 相似文献
11.
认知科学在其发展过程中经历了几次研究范式的转换,认知进化观的兴起是认知科学各学科多层次整合的表现。在心理学领域,进化心理学采用功能分析的方法分析适应性行为下的心理机制和特征。在人工智能领域,采用进化计算和遗传算法探讨人工生命的适应性行为。在神经科学领域,是对神经网络的自组织机制和神经系统的可塑性进行考察。认知进化观的缺陷是自然主义的计算与进化,忽视了人的历史文化性。认知进化观作为一种新方法论,为智能研究带来了生机。 相似文献
12.
13.
Bombyx mori bidensovirus (BmBDV), which had been assigned to Densovirinae in Parvoviridae previously, replicates mainly in silkworm midgut columnar cells and causes the fatal flacheric disease. In contrast to parvovirus, this virus possesses two single-stranded DNA genome segments and encodes a putative protein-primed DNA polymerase. The accumulating evidence sug- gests that it has unique characteristics different to parvovirus and adopts its own mechanisms for replication. So far, little is known about the replication mechanisms of BmBDV. In this review, we focus on the pathology associated with this virus and the viral biology such as viral genome structure, viral genes, and viral replication and expression strategies. 相似文献
14.
GAO HaiYan WANG XingFen LIU Fang PENG RenHai ZHANG Yan CHENG Hua MA ZhiYing WANG KunBo 《科学通报(英文版)》2013,58(26):3199-3201
Gossypium herbaceum var. africanum is the only wild cotton species within the cultivated diploid G. herbaceum. As the A sub-genome donor of tetraploid cotton, it is characterized by its resistance to insects, diseases, and other adversities. We have constructed the first bacterial artificial chromosome library (BAC) for G. herbaceum var. africanum. With high quality and broad coverage, this library includes 75000 clones, with an average insert size of about 115 kb and fewer than 4% empty clones. Our library is approximately five-fold the size of the A-genome (1667 Mb) and it provides 99.3% probability for isolating genes of interest or their sequences. Using nine SSR markers that are located on five different chromosomes and linked with resistance to Verticillium wilt, seven of nine could amplify the 40 superpools and got 1-14 hits. Because of its moderate wide coverage and relative large insert size, this library will be an important genomic resource for classifying and analyzing the evolution of cotton species, as well as for isolating disease-resistance genes and control elements. 相似文献
15.
Genetic variation is generally believed to be important in studying endangered species’ adaptive potential.Early studies assessed genetic diversity using nearly neutral markers,such as microsatellite loci and mitochondrial DNA(mtDNA),which are very informative for phylogenetic and phylogeographic reconstructions.However,the variation at these loci cannot provide direct information on selective processes involving the interaction of individuals with their environment,or on the capability to resist continuously evolving pathogens and parasites.The importance of genetic diversity at informative adaptive markers,such as major histocompatibility complex(MHC) genes,is increasingly being realized,especially in endangered,isolated species.Small population size and isolation make the golden snub-nosed monkey(Rhinopithecus roxellana) particularly susceptible to genetic variation losses through inbreeding and restricted gene flow.In this study,we compared the genetic variation and population structure of microsatellites,mtDNA,and the most relevant adaptive region of the MHC II-DRB genes in the golden snub-nosed monkey.We examined three Chinese R.roxellana populations and found the same variation patterns in all gene regions,with the population from Shennongjia population,Hubei Province,showing the lowest polymorphism among three populations.Genetic drift that outweighed balancing selection and the founder effect in these populations may explain the similar genetic variation pattern found in these neutral and adaptive genes. 相似文献
16.
Flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO), like cytochrome P450 (CYP), is a monooxygenase that uses the reducing equivalents of NADPH to reduce one atom of molecular oxygen to water, while the other atom is used to oxidize the substrate. Recently, it was shown that some CYP isoforms have been subject to positive selection. However, it is unknown whether the highly conserved phase I detoxification enzyme, FMO, has undergone similar positive Darwinian selection. We used maximum-likelihood models of codon substitution, evolutionary fingerprinting, and cross species comparison to investigate the occurrence of adaptive evolution in FMO sequences. We used recent genomic data from a range of species, including vertebrates and invertebrates. We present the evidence for the occurrence of adaptive evolution in mammalian FMO 3, 4, 5, and fugu FMOs but not in mammalian FMO 1, FMO 2, frog FMOs, other fish FMOs and invertebrate FMOs. The sites under adaptive evolution were significantly associated with the insertion domain in mammalian FMO 5. We identified specific amino acid sites in FMOs 3–5 that are likely targets for selection based on the patterns of parallel amino acid change. The most likely role of adaptive evolution is the repair of mutations that permitted optimal NADP+ binding and improved catalytic efficiency. The occurrence of positive selection during the evolution of phase I detoxification enzymes such as FMOs 3–5 and fugu FMO suggests the occurrence of both high selection pressure acting on species within their unique habitats and significant changes in intensity and direction (forms of xenobiotics and drugs) resulting from changes in microhabitat and food. 相似文献
17.
BAO You-hong 《云南大学学报(自然科学版)》2007,(Z1)
果蝇属物种长期以来被作为基础生物学、特别是群体和进化遗传学的模式物种,来探讨生物学中的一些基本问题,如物种形成的遗传机制、新基因的起源及其方式、适应性进化的遗传机制等.群体遗传的方法贯穿于遗传学、生态学、古生物学、系统发育学等领域之中,已渐成为基础生物学研究的重要方法.围绕果蝇群体遗传研究中的3个主要问题,即起源地、群体历史动态和群体遗传结构,就当前用于分析上述问题的方法进行了概述,并强调了发展适用于多个座位数据的分析方法是将来的一个重要发展方向. 相似文献
18.
DONGJiuhong WENJianfan XINDedong LUSiqi 《科学通报(英文版)》2004,49(17):1847-1853
In addition to its medical importance as parasitic pathogen, Entamoeba has aroused people‘s interest in its evolutionary status for a long time. Lacking mitochondrion and other intracellular organelles common to typical eukaryotes, Entamoeba and several other amitochondrial protozoans have been recognized as ancient pre-mitochondriate eukaryotes and named “archezoa“, the most primitive extant eukaryotes. It was suggested that they might be living fossils that remained in a primitive stage of evolution before acquisition of organelles, lying close to the transition between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. However, recent studies revealed that Entamoeba contained an organelle, “crypton“ or “mitosome“, which was regarded as specialized or reductive mitochondrion. Relative molecular phylogenetic analyses also indicated the existence or the probable existence of mitochondrion in Entamoeba. Our phylogenetic analysis based on DNA topoisomerase Ⅱ strongly suggested its divergence after some mitchondriate enkaryotes. Here, all these recent researches are reviewed and the evolutionary status of Entamoeba is discussed. 相似文献
19.
《自然科学进展(英文版)》2022,32(5):517-527
Tin ferrite (SnFe2O4) and their composites have been extensively studied due to their unique functional properties including appealing electronic band structure, good chemical stability, high magnetization, excellent biocompatible and earth-abundant nature. Over the past few years, SnFe2O4 and their composites have been well designed and investigated for various kind of applications. In this review, the most important methods for SnFe2O4 and their composites synthesis, such as co-precipitation, hydrothermal, solvothermal and sol-gel techniques are summarized. It is important to emphasize that this review mainly focuses on the application of SnFe2O4 and their composites for environmental remediation, lithium-ion batteries and hydrogen peroxide sensors, which are discussed in detail for the first time. Apart from that, the key factors and essential means to improve their performance and functionality are systematically reported. Finally, the development prospect and challenge of SnFe2O4 and their composites are introduced. It is anticipated that this review will be helpful in development of SnFe2O4 and their composites with ameliorated performances for practical application in various fields. 相似文献
20.
Yan Tang Longkang Sang Rong Liu Yanming Yuan Yunlong Yang Xianmao Qi Jing Tan 《科学通报(英文版)》2014,59(1):82-99
Using XRD measurements of illite crystallinity,b0values of K-rich white micas and chemical compositions of chlorites combined with homogenization temperatures of fluid inclusions in calcite,the metamorphic P–T conditions of very low-grade metapelites from different depths in the 7 km Hongcan Well 1 in the Zoige?Depression,Sichuan,China,have been obtained in this paper.Knowledge of the tectonic evolution of the studied basin allows us to derive geothermal curves for Middle and Late Triassic time(the geothermal peak)and the present day(from thermal logging of the borehole).The retrograde P–T tracks from clockwise P–T–t loops have been revealed by the plotting of individual samples on each geotherm,which can be interpreted by the lithospheric thickening due to sedimentation and folding followed by continuous uplift and erosion.A stratigraphic log indicates that the Well penetrates the steep limb of a fold which perturbed the peak geotherm and caused some P–T paths to cross. 相似文献