Internalization of polypeptide hormones and receptor recycling

Conclusion The insulin receptor is an integral protein of the plasma membrane of the cell. It is composed of two subunits: an subunit, which binds the hormone, and a subunit which is a tyrosine specific protein kinase capable of undergoing autophosphorylation. These independent subunits are synthesized by way of a higher molecular weight single chain precursor and thus are the product of a single gene^{29, 49, 85} localized to chromosome 19^{29, 91}. Assuming that the insulin receptor is synthesized in the same fashion as other integral membrane glycoproteins, then the nucleus, the rough endoplasmic reticulum, and the Golgi apparatus are involved in its biosynthesis. Further, there must be some form of transport of the mature receptor subunits to the plasma membrane where they are inserted.By contrast, the endocytotic route involves coated pits, coated vesicles, large clear vesicles or endosomes, multivesicular bodies and other lysosomal forms. In addition, it is possible that some other as yet unidentified organelle is involved in recycling (fig. 8). At the present time, with respect to the insulin receptor, the biosynthetic pathway and the endocytotic pathway appear to be separate. Further, it does not appear that either pathway, i. e. synthesis or endocytosis, exerts a regulatory function over the other.     

新N3S型配位结构的小肽分子合成及其合成方法研究

通过5步反应设计合成了5个新N3S型配位原子的小肽或类肽化合物.探讨了多肽的合成方法,改进了巯基的保护策略,提出了新颖的活泼酯与氨基酸的反应条件,与文献值相比反应收率提高了35%. 5种多肽配体的结构经过IR,1HNMR,13CNMR,MS或元素分析的确证.     

抗大鼠肝脏脂酶抗血清的制备及应用

按照ＲＨＬｃＤＮＡ核苷酸序列所预示肽链的氨基酸序列，化学合成了与肽链Ｎ端、Ｃｕｍｄｊｔ ｋ ｕｋ ｓｈ ｃｆ ｙｉｄ ｒ ３ｗｈ ｅｅｄｙ     

抗菌肽的抗菌机制及其在医药中的应用前景

随着抗生素副作用的日益凸显,以及其被批准数量的逐年下降,研发功能相似且不易产生耐药性的其他活性物质迫在眉睫。抗菌肽具有广谱抗菌性、热稳定性,作用机理独特,既能起到体内抗病菌感染、促进癌细胞凋亡的作用,还可作为抗病毒化疗剂和医疗器械的抗菌材料。系统综述了抗菌肽的抗菌机制,及其在医药领域抑制抗耐药菌的产生、抗癌以及抗病毒感染的作用,阐明了抗菌肽存在的稳定性、溶血性及毒性等问题,并对其发展前景进行了展望。指出今后可在以下方面对抗菌肽展开深入研究:1)结合体内抑菌机制进行研究,推动抗菌肽的开发应用;2)通过替换、修饰氨基酸残基,合成杂合肽,优化抗菌肽结构,提高其活性,降低毒副作用并预防耐药性的产生;3)利用抗菌肽传递系统或抗菌肽与绿色天然提取物联合作用,提高抗菌活性和生物利用度。     

细胞粘附肽Arg-Gly-Asp的合成与生物活性检测

采用固相多肽合成法合成Ag-G ly-Asp(RGD)三肽,以天门冬氨酸计RGD三肽收率为75%,采用MTT法进行合成肽RGD抑制人纤维肉瘤细胞HT1080转移机理方面的研究,证实了人工合成的RGD肽能抑制人纤维肉瘤细胞HT1080与纤维连接蛋白(FN)的粘附。     

人胎颈交感节肽能神经元的免疫细胞化学的研究

取１６例２４～３２周龄的死亡人胎作材料，用免疫细胞化学方法，于光镜下观察到颈上神经节（简称颈上节）和星状神经节（简称星状节）中存在含血管活性肠肽（ＶＩＰ）神经元和纤维，含生长抑素（ＳＯＭ）神经元和纤雏以及含Ｐ物质（ＳＰ）纤维，但未发现含ＳＰ神经元。二节中的含ＶＩＰ神经元和含ＳＯＭ神经元形状多种，免疫反应染色深浅不等，颈上节以大、中型细胞为主，而星状节以中、小型细胞居多。上述神经元类型和分布未有明显的胎龄变化。结果揭示颈交感神经节中，含ＶＩＰ和含ＳＯＭ神经元在出生前已经发育。ＶＩＰ、ＳＯＭ和ＳＰ３种神经肽在胎儿期已作为神经传导物或神经调节物而发挥功能。     

鱼抗冻多肽溶液中冰晶生长习性

分析了鱼抗冻多肽分子的结构特点和鱼抗冻多肽溶液中抗冻多肽分子（ＡＦ（Ｇ）Ｐ）与冰晶表面的相互作用机理．提出了鱼抗冻多肽溶液中的冰晶生长理论．合理地解释了冰晶生长的各向异性习性．并给出了周期性键链理论的一个定量形式．     

Paracelsin; characterization by NMR spectroscopy and circular dichroism,and hemolytic properties of a peptaibol antibiotic from the cellulolytically active mnoldTrichoderma reesei. Part B

Summary Paracelsin, a hemolytic and membrane active polypeptide antibiotic of the peptaibol class which is excreted by the moldTrichderma reesei, was obtained by a simplified and isolation procedure utilziing hydrophobic adsorber resin. Investigation by¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and circular dichroism revealed considerable helical portions in solution, and the very recently accomplished sequence determination of paracelsin allows the discussion of the results with regard to the closely related analogues, alamethicin and suzukacillin. A selective cleavage of the peptide was achieved by careful treatment with various acids, and a buffer of pH 8.25 and of high ionic strength made possible the quantitative determination of the C-terminal phenylalaninol released by means of ion-exchange chromatography. The significance of the production of paracelsin and related mycotoxins of the peptaibol class, exhibiting various kinds of biological activity, is discussed with respect to the extensive effort being made towards biotechnological applications of species, strains and cellulolytically highly active mutants of the fungusTrichoderma.Presented in part at the 5th European Symposium on Animal, Plant and Microbial Toxins, Hannover, August 29–September 2, 1983 and a lecture given at Ciby-Geigy/Basel in March 1984.Acknowledgment. We thank I. Ackermann for excellent and skilled technical assistance and gratefully acknowledge the help of R. Ratz for support in CD spectroscopy.     

Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide stimulates prolactin release in vivo in the ring dove (Streptopelia risoria)

Summary I.v. administration of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) to ring doves significantly elevated the plasma concentration of prolactin after 10 min in a dose-related manner. The plasma prolactin concentration of nonbreeding doves with low basal levels was increased by a similar amount as in brooding doves whose initially high concentration of plasma prolactin had been reduced by nest deprivation prior to treatment.