Genetic background of phenotypic variation

A noteworthy feature of the living world is its bewildering variability. A key issue in several biological disciplines is the achievement of an understanding of the hereditary basis of this variability. Two opposing, but not necessarily irreconcilable conceptions attempt to explain the underlying mechanism. The gene function paradigm postulates that phenotypic variance is generated by the polymorphism in the coding sequences of genes. However, comparisons of a great number of homologous gene and protein sequences have revealed that they predominantly remained functionally conserved even across distantly related phylogenic taxa. Alternatively, the gene regulation paradigm assumes that differences in the cis-regulatory region of genes do account for phenotype variation within species. An extension of this latter concept is that phenotypic variability is generated by the polymorphism in the overall gene expression profiles of gene networks. In other words, the activity of a particular gene is a system property determined both by the cis-regulatory sequences of the given genes and by the other genes of a gene network, whose expressions vary among individuals, too. Novel proponents of gene function paradigm claim that functional genetic variance within the coding sequences of regulatory genes is critical for the generation of morphological polymorphism. Note, however, that these developmental genes play direct regulatory roles in the control of gene expression.     

Simulating FAS-induced apoptosis by using P systems

In contrast to differential equations, P systems are an unconventional model of computation which takes into consideration the discrete character of the quantity of components and the inherent randomness that exists in biological phenomena. The key feature of P systems is their compartmentalised structure which represents the heterogeneity of the structural organisation of the cells, and where one can take into account the role played by membranes in the functioning of the system, for example signalling at the cell surface, selective uptake of substances from the media, diffusion across different compartments, etc. We show here that P systems can be a reliable tool for Systems Biology and could even outperform in some cases the current simulation techniques based on differential equations. We will also use a strategy based on the well known Gillespie algorithm but running on more than one compartment called Multi-compartmental Gillespie Algorithm.     

夏侃紫外线

在炎炎烈日的夏天,你依然想拥有润泽白皙的肌肤吗?那么有关紫外线的知识、有关防晒护肤的新概念可是不可不知的。 何谓紫外线? 由太阳放射出来的光线,以波长来分类,大致可分为伽马线、X光、紫外线、可视光和红外线五种。紫外线是自太阳射至地球表面一种眼睛看不到的光线。而紫外线又可再细分为长波长紫外线(UVA)、中波长紫外线(UVB)和短波长紫     

高端口隔离度的太赫兹基波上混频器设计

介绍了一种基于IHP 0.13 μm SiGe BiCMOS工艺,具有高本振（Local Oscillator, LO）/射频（Radio Frequency, RF）及本振/中频（Intermediate Frequency, IF）端口隔离度的太赫兹基波上混频器.该混频器采用了吉尔伯特双平衡结构,本振信号通过共面波导（Coplanar Waveguide, CPW）传输来抑制其在传输过程中由于强寄生耦合效应造成的传输不对称性,削弱了由该不对称性造成的LO/RF端口隔离度恶化的特性.通过采用非对称性的开关互联结构降低本振信号在开关晶体管集电极端寄生耦合的不平衡性,提升本振信号在开关晶体管集电极端的对消效率,通过在版图中合理布局跨导级晶体管的位置来抑制本振信号在中频端口的泄露.后仿真结果表明：在2.2 V电源电压下,本振信号为230 GHz,中频信号为2 ~ 12 GHz,该上混频器工作在218 ~ 228 GHz时,LO/RF端口隔离度大于24 dB, LO/IF端口隔离度大于20 dB,转换增益为-4 ~ -3.5 dB.当中频信号为10 GHz时,输出1 dB压缩点为-14.8dBm.电路直流功耗为42.4 mW,芯片的核心面积为0.079 mm2.该上混频器可应用于采用高阶正交幅度调制（Quadrature Amplitude Modulation, QAM）方式的无线发射系统.     

钢纤维混凝土的本构模型及力学性能分析

为充分研究钢纤维混凝土的力学性能,基于混凝土的弥散开裂模型,并考虑纤维与混凝土之间的黏结作用,建立了新的钢纤维混凝土本构模型.在模型中分两种情况考虑纤维作用,混凝土开裂前,纤维与混凝土完全黏结,服从复合材料理论;混凝土开裂后,将分别考虑混凝土和钢纤维的贡献.通过黏结滑移模型,计算钢纤维在混凝土中脱黏和拔出过程中,纤维对开裂后混凝土的增强作用.采用Fortran编程,利用有限元软件ABAQUS中提供的子程序Umat,将提出的本构模型引入ABAQUS,并用于有限元模型去模拟钢纤维混凝土的拉伸和四点弯曲试验.通过数值模拟结果和试验数据的对比,充分验证了所提出的钢纤维混凝土本构模型的准确性.并对钢纤维混凝土的受拉强度、残余强度、受弯强度以及韧性等力学性能进行详细的分析.     

基于LC串联型储能变换器的 状态反馈控制策略研究

为了满足新能源电站的无功需求,提出了一种LC串联滤波型变换器.以三相380 V/30 kW并网变换器为例,相比传统的L和LC型滤波器结构,所提变换器结构能够在保持变换器输出无功功率能力的同时,降低系统直流工作电压约为原变换器的71％,释放了系统12％的有源容量,同时效率相比原滤波结构有6％的提升.此外,基于LC变换器的离散状态模型,提出了一种基于LC串联滤波器型变换器的状态控制方法,有效地提升了LC串联滤波器在谐振频率处的系统阻尼.最后在PSIM中搭建了LC型变换器的仿真模型,验证了LC滤波型变换器的优势和状态反馈控制策略的可行性.     

功能梯度仿生头盔防护性能与头部损伤分析

为了提高摩托车头盔防护性能降低头部损伤风险,本文引入功能梯度仿生泡沫结构替代传统头盔的均匀密度泡沫衬垫.通过头盔耦合生物力学头部有限元模型,获取撞击过程中头部质心加速度、生物力学响应和头盔结构响应,综合分析不同密度梯度方案对头盔防护能力的影响.结果表明,功能梯度泡沫结构在中高速冲击下有更明显的优势.相比传统头盔吸能缓冲层的均匀泡沫密度方案和新型头盔的正/负密度梯度方案,最大密度为80 kg/m3的负密度梯度泡沫设计方案可以更有效改善头盔结构碰撞响应并降低碰撞过程中头部损伤,且随着密度差的增大,负密度梯度头盔的防护性能得到了进一步提高.     

基于液冷的锂离子动力电池散热结构优化设计

针对锂离子电池单体成组后温度场的非均匀性导致的热不一致性问题,以及高温下电池单体间的热交互引发的热安全性问题,采用仿真与试验相结合的方式,基于锂离子电池生-传热机理,设计了电池单体单独成组、电池单体之间夹隔泡沫棉、电池模组底部布置液冷板3种递进式散热方案,并对液冷板进行了优化设计.采用有限元软件STAR-CCM+,仿真分析了3种方案下电池模组在不同放电倍率时的温度分布.结果表明:增加泡沫棉可减少电池间的热交互,进而提高电池单体间的热均衡性.在结合泡沫棉、导热板以及优化后(采用液冷管道串-并联组合方式)的液冷系统散热条件下,电池模组以2C倍率放电时最高温度为35.08℃,最大温差仅为4.85℃.研究结果可为电池热管理散热系统结构设计提供一定的理论基础.     

基于门控权重单元的多变量时间序列预测

多变量时间序列各变量间依赖性较强,数据变化趋势不明显,预测难度高.传统研究采用带门控机制的循环神经网络及变体进行预测,但序列间存在相互依赖关系,突变数据段建模预测不精确.基于信息熵,本文提出一种新的改进门控权重单元,利用信息熵技术量化数据序列的变化程度,动态调整权重矩阵刻画数据的变化趋势.基于4个公开数据集分别进行实验,实验结果表明新模型比传统循环神经网络模型具有更好的预测性能.     

高功率太赫兹基波压控振荡器设计

基于55 nm CMOS工艺提出了一款具有高输出功率的太赫兹基波压控振荡器(Voltage-Controlled Oscillator,VCO).设计采用堆叠结构来克服单个晶体管供电电压受限导致输出摆幅较低的问题来有效提高了输出功率.依据单边化技术在核心晶体管的栅漏之间嵌入自馈线来调整栅漏之间的相移和增益以最大化晶体管在期望频率下的可用增益,从而提高晶体管的功率输出潜力.提取版图寄生后的仿真结果表明:在2.4 V供电电压下,VCO的输出频率范围为200.5 GHz～204.4 GHz,电路峰值输出功率为3.25 dBm,在1 MHz的频偏处最优相位噪声为-98.7 dBc/Hz,最大效率为8.1％.包括焊盘在内的版图面积仅为0.18 mm2.此次工作实现了高输出功率并具有紧凑的面积,为高功率太赫兹频率基波VCO设计提供了一种设计思路.