自适应逆推算法在感应电机控制中的应用

针对Krause和Thomas提出的带有两个定子绕组和两个转子绕组的二相等价电机模型,通过坐标变换得到沿着磁通向量转动的坐标方向上的电机动态模型.应用逆推技术设计了自适应控制器,通过选择Lyapunov函数来保证整个系统的稳定性,进而逐步导出控制率和参数自适应律.该方法克服了参数的不确定性以及负载扰动对系统的影响,确保了转子磁链和转速的跟踪性能以及系统的稳定性能.系统的转子磁链与转速能渐近跟踪给定的参考信号,仿真结果验证了该控制策略的有效性.     

舰船周围铁磁物体对其磁场的影响

舰船与周围铁磁物体相互磁化产生附加的感应磁场,影响舰船磁场的磁感应强度的测量,针对此问题提出一种求解附加感应磁场的磁感应强度的计算方法。该方法以舰船与铁磁物体的磁偶极子阵列作为磁场数学模型,以系数矩阵条件数为目标函数的蚁群算法来优化磁偶极子的分布位置,并把物体的磁化等效为其磁模型中各磁偶极子的磁化,借助于均匀地磁场对舰船、铁磁物体磁化产生的感应磁场的磁感应强度来求解出各自的附加感应磁场强度,最终得到舰船磁场的磁感应强度。实验结果表明:该计算方法可行,且计算精度较高。     

KMAX实验装置中的重点研究问题

磁镜或类磁镜结构的装置是实现聚变能源商业化的一支潜在力量.然而,轴向粒子损失和MHD(magnetohydrodynamics)不稳定性制约了磁镜的发展.现代磁镜理论提出了使用串节磁镜联合动理学stabilizer的解决方案.由一个中心磁镜两个子磁镜组成的KMAX装置将探索在全对称磁场结构下上述理论的可行性.同时,我们结合旋转磁场(RMF)在Rotamak和场反装置的成功经验,提出一种利用RMF捕获逃逸粒子的新的两端磁镜改性方法.这种方法区别于使用单一电场约束逃逸离子的一般串节磁镜.除此之外,KMAX也将开展与空间等离子体相关的磁场重联、Alfven波加热等基础等离子体现象研究.     

电磁出钢系统中感应加热线圈工况温度分析

为了将电磁出钢系统应用于实际生产,提出一种能让该系统使用的感应加热线圈在高温水口砖内正常工作的隔热方法.利用数值模拟方法考察了300 t电磁出钢系统用钢包水口座砖的热流密度以及有无隔热层条件下置入在水口座砖内的感应加热线圈的工况温度.结果表明,无隔热层条件下线圈在高温水口座砖内无法使用,而在线圈的顶部及内外两侧布置一层隔热材料可以有效地降低线圈的工况温度;隔热层的厚度和导热系数均影响线圈的工况温度,当隔热层厚度为40 mm,导热系数为0.03 W/(m·℃)时,线圈的最高工况温度由原来的1 187℃降至467℃,满足线圈的工况温度要求.     

电感应再加热对低合金钢热轧组织影响的模拟

利用热模拟试验机Gleeble1500D研究了低合金钢变形后,冷却至一定温度进行电感应再加热后微观组织的变化情况.在不同冷却温度,以及淬火和正火两种热处理方式下,研究了再加热过程对微观组织的影响.结果表明:变形后再加热过程对淬火试样组织影响较大;冷却温度处于两相区时,电感应再加热过程能改善温度分布均匀性,影响铁素体相变过程和碳氮化物的析出行为,促进晶粒长大,能够有效地控制和改善淬火热处理钢材的微观组织和性能.     

微波加热内配碳酸钙高碳铬铁粉固相脱碳

高碳铬铁无渣脱碳法可避免有毒铬渣的排放,利用微波场可快速加热粉状物料的特性,在高碳铬铁粉中配加一定比例的碳酸钙粉,可实现高碳铬铁粉快速固相脱碳.实验结果表明:配加一定比例的碳酸钙粉,不会影响内配碳酸钙高碳铬铁粉混合物料的微波加热特性;提高混合物料的脱碳摩尔比、微波加热温度和保温时间,有利于高碳铬铁粉的深度脱碳,但相应加剧脱碳铬铁粉的氧化程度.合适的固相脱碳条件为:脱碳摩尔比1∶1.0~1∶1.4,微波加热温度1100℃,保温脱碳时间60 min.在上述条件下可使碳质量分数为8.16%的高碳铬铁粉脱碳至3.91%~1.71%,脱碳率为52.08%~79.04%.     

Synthesis of Ta C and Ta_2C from tantalum and graphite in the laser-heated diamond anvil cell

The pressure dependence of the onset of the formation of Ta C and Ta2 C from the elements has been investigated by in situ X-ray diffraction and pyrometry.Ta C has been synthesized by the reaction of Ta and graphite at pressures between 8.6 and 14.3 GPa and at temperatures up to 2,300 K using a laser-heated diamond anvil cell. The products were characterized by X-ray diffraction. Ta and graphite begin to react around 1,100 K at ambient pressure conditions, and the reaction temperature increases with increasing pressure. A linear extrapolation of these data is consistent with recent observations of the formation of Ta C at 90 GPa and 3,600 K. We show that diffusion of carbon into tantalum significantly changes the lattice parameter of up to 2 % in the pressure range of up to19 GPa. In some experiments, Ta2 C was formed concomitantly. The experimentally determined bulk modulus of Ta2 C is B0;exp：= 286（5） GPa. Other tantalum carbide phases were not observed.     

Assessment of alternated cooling and heating treatment by US combined CEUS in the VX2 rabbit liver tumor model

Inoperable liver tumors are often treated by thermal ablation that destroys the tumor in situ and spares the adjacent hepatic tissue.Thermal–physical treatment has many advantages,but treatment by freezing or heating alone has some limitations.By taking the advantages and disadvantages of cryosurgery and thermotherapy into consideration,a new thermal technique that combines cryosurgery and radio frequency ablation has been proposed,thereby overcoming the disadvantages of each treatment strategy and improving therapeutic outcomes.This new approach remains to be systematically studied in the liver;therefore,this study was performed to estimate survival after alternated cooling and heating ablation therapy in a VX2 rabbit liver tumor model.Sixteen days after VX2 carcinoma implantation into the rabbit liver,tumors were treated with alternated cooling and heating ablation therapy.Rabbits were monitored for 6 months after treatment and assessed with ultrasound(US)and computed tomography at 1,7,14,and 30 days posttreatment.Untreated tumor-bearing animals served as the control group.Our results show that alternate freezing and heating ablation therapy resulted in a good recovery of VX2 rabbits.Compared with the control group,treated rabbits lived significantly longer(P\0.05),with 70%of treated animals surviving to 196 days posttreatment without metastasis or recurrence,while none of the controls did so.There was no local recurrence in the treatment group.All rabbits in the control group developed metastasis,while metastasis was only observed in 30% of treated rabbits.These results suggest that alternate cooling and heating ablation therapy can prolong the survival time of rabbits with VX2 liver tumors and is an effective method for tumor therapy.Furthermore,we also showed in this model that contrast enhanced US is a valid follow-up approach to assess treatment effectiveness.     

Constructal entransy optimizations for insulation layer of steel rolling reheating furnace wall with convective and radiative boundary conditions

Based on the entransy dissipation extremum principle for thermal insulation process, the constructal optimizations for a plane insulation layer of the steel rolling reheating furnace wall with convective and radiative boundary conditions are carried out by taking the minimization of entransy dissipation rate as optimization objective. The optimal construct of the plane insulation layer is obtained. The results show that for the convective heat transfer boundary condition, the optimal constructs of the insulation layer obtained based on the minimizations of the entransy dissipation rate and heat loss rate are obvi- ously different. Comparing the optimal construct obtained based on the minimization of the entransy dissipation rate with that based on the minimization of the heat loss rate, the entransy dissipation rate is reduced by 5.98 %, which makes the global thermal insulation performance of the insulation layer improve. For the combined convective and radiative heat transfer boundary condition, compared the insulation layer having an increasing thickness with that having constant thickness and a decreasing thickness, the entransy dissipation rates are reduced by 16.59 % and 39.72 %, respectively, and the global thermal insulation performance of the insulation layer is greatly improved.There exits an optimal constant coefficient α2,opt which leads to the minimum dimensionless entransy dissipation rate of the insulation layer. The difference between the optimal constant coefficients α2,opt obtained based on the minimizations of the entransy dissipation rate and the maximum temperature gradient of the insulation layer is small. This makes the corresponding thermal stress obtained based on the minimum dimensionless entransy dissipation rate also be small, and the global thermal insulation performance and thermal safety of the insulation layer are improved simultaneously. The results obtained can provide some guidelines for the optimal designs of the insulation layers.     

为什么跳跳糖会在嘴里蹦

我很喜欢吃跳跳糖,当它们在嘴里蹦跳时,感觉真奇妙!那么,跳跳糖为什么会在嘴里蹦呢？ 小朋友们都很喜欢吃跳跳糖,因为它不仅可以给我们带来香甜的口感,而且还会让我们体验到无数小糖粒在舌上欢快起舞的美妙感受!跳跳糖的制作工序并不复杂,关键步骤是在糖加热熔化成糖浆的过程中,添加一定量的高压二氧化碳气体。这些二氧化碳气体会在糖浆中形成一个个小气泡。