全球大地震破裂空间复杂度特征研究

基于有限断层反演得到的滑移数据, 用独立滑移单元的数量表征地震破裂复杂度, 据此对大地震破裂进行分组, 并研究破裂复杂度与主要震源参数之间的关系, 探讨破裂复杂度的全球及区域空间分布特征。结果表明, 矩震级很大(Mw ≥ 8.5)的事件, 地震破裂复杂度更大; 破裂复杂度较高的地震分布在浅层地壳(≤ 30 km)内的概率最大, 随着震源深度增加, 破裂复杂度对震源深度的敏感性逐渐消失; 走滑断层机制占比较大的事件, 破裂复杂度较高; 破裂复杂度与地震能矩比没有明确的关系; 破裂复杂度的空间分布特征与区域地质构造环境相关。破裂复杂度的空间分布特征可以分为3类, 第一类是板块之间简单碰撞产生的俯冲带, 板块交界处的滑动速率和方向较为一致, 这种情形下以比较简单的事件类型为主; 第二类是多板块交界处, 或者板块交界处的滑动速率和方向在整个区域内存在差异; 第三类是大陆内部的强烈挤压地带。与第一类空间分布特征相比, 第二类和第三类情形下破裂复杂度相对更高。地震破裂复杂度可以在一定程度上反映区域应力场的复杂性。     

Spatial dependence model with feature difference

This paper presents a new spatial dependence model with an adjustment of feature difference. The model accounts for the spatial autocorrelation in both the outcome variables and residuals. The feature difference adjustment in the model helps to emphasize feature changes across neighboring units, while suppressing unobserved covariates that are present in the same neighborhood. The prediction at a given unit incorporates components that depend on the differences between the values of its main features and those of its neighboring units. In contrast to conventional spatial regression models, our model does not require a comprehensive list of global covariates necessary to estimate the outcome variable at the unit, as common macro-level covariates are differenced away in the regression analysis. Using the real estate market data in Hong Kong, we applied Gibbs sampling to determine the posterior distribution of each model parameter. The result of our empirical analysis confirms that the adjustment of feature difference with an inclusion of the spatial error autocorrelation produces better out-of-sample prediction performance than other conventional spatial dependence models. In addition, our empirical analysis can identify components with more significant contributions.     

基于双层规划的普通克里金插值方法研究

采用双层规划描述了普通克里金法中理论变异函数模型参数求解问题.针对传统变异函数模型参数求解过程中容易受人为不确定性因素影响的问题,建立了以交叉验证统计结果最优和个体样本满足最优无偏线性估计为目标的双层规划模型,并给出了相应的求解方法.该方法根据交叉验证结果优化调整上层系统随机给定的变异函数模型参数,可以减少变异函数模型参数求解过程中人为不确定等因素的影响,从而可以获得合理的理论变异函数模型参数和较好的空间插值结果最后,以土壤pH值为例,通过与加权最小二乘法比较验证了采用该方法的有效性和合理性.     

Haversian bone-mimicking bioceramic scaffolds enhancing MSC-macrophage osteo-imunomodulation

The interaction between immune cells and bone forming cells plays a vital role in maintaining the homeostasis of the skeletal system, and is regulated by the three-dimensional structure of tissues. Whether the construction of biomaterials can activate or reproduce this spatial “cross-talk” between immune cells and bone forming cells in bone natural formation process is a prerequisite for successful fracture healing and bone regeneration. Herein, a bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)/macrophages-laden Haversian bone-mimicking bioceramic scaffold was successfully prepared through the biomimetic design of biomaterials and 3D printing technology. MSCs and macrophages were respectively distributed in the cancellous bone and Haversian canals of the scaffold to simulate the three-dimensional structure regulation of the cell spatial distribution and multiple intercellular interaction in natural bone tissue, and worked in concert to modulate the scaffold material-mediated osteo-immune microenvironment. The in vitro study revealed that the pro-inflammatory response of macrophages was more significantly inhibited when distributed with MSCs in the scaffolds at a cell ratio of 0.5:1 for co-culture, in comparison with multicellular culture at other ratios and unicellular culture. Meanwhile, MSCs exhibited the relatively high osteogenic potential, most likely via the activation of certain key signaling pathways mediated by macrophages-derived paracrine signaling mediators (OSM, BMP-2, and WNT10b). This work not only establishes a bionic platform for the regulation of multicellular osteo-immune response and regeneration but also offers a promising tissue-engineered biomimetic scaffold with improved immunomodulatory function for promoting bone tissue regeneration.     

Existence of macroscopic spatial superpositions in collapse theories

It is shown that the collapse dynamics in the CSL model will entangle two independent systems under certain conditions, and their state after collapse may be an entangled superposition of spatially separated states. However, since the conditions can hardly be satisfied in reality, the occurrence of such superpositions is very improbable, and thus collapse theories still provide a promising solution to the measurement problem.     

城市慢行道路中交通颗粒物的时空分布

为了捕捉城市慢行道路中空气污染的高时空分辨率特征, 构建了基于微型传感器的骑行测量平台, 通过收集福州市西三环快速路沿侧慢行道亚微米颗粒物(PM_1.0)和黑碳 (black carbon, BC) 的质量浓度样本, 可视化解析交通污染的时空变化及原因. 研究表明: 慢行道的颗粒物质量浓度整体呈现小区侧大于沿江侧, 交通早、晚高峰大于中午; 早高峰 BC 稳定聚集但 PM_1.0 波动较大, 晚高峰则相反; 慢行道颗粒物的质量浓度下降与临近主干道的距离、植被丰度正相关; 颗粒物冷点距离干道远且四周植被覆盖高, 热点多分布在施工与拥堵的复杂交通环境中; BC 热点与复杂路况同步, 但 PM_1.0 热点还与周围环境相关. 因此, 有必要聚焦道路交通排放的主要构成, 并结合局部地形、空间、环境等因素来改善慢行道空气质量, 从而提升健康出行品质.     

资源型城市环城游憩带空间结构分析——以枣庄市为例

针对城市居民以城市周围为目的的近距离旅游日益增长状况,选取枣庄5区1市49处旅游地作为研究样本,按照旅游活动性质将旅游地分为5种类型.因枣庄组群城市特征选取枣庄汽车总站和滕州火车站为中心,分别对49处旅游地数据进行城市中心距离、回转半径法与空间分布曲线等旅游计量地理研究,从而得出枣庄环城游憩带旅游地的空间结构特征.提出了枣庄环城游憩带的"一轴一廊,两翼辉映"的环城市游憩空间格局建议.     

基于无人机的三维MIMO信道建模与仿真分析

针对无人机通信环境特点以及多输入多输出(multiple input multiple output,MIMO)系统,将三维空间相关法建模和机身遮挡现象相结合,提出一种无人机的三维移动空间信道模型(three dimensional dynamic spatial channel model, 3DD SCM)。〖JP2〗推导了无人机天线阵列的相关性表达式,同时提出一种遮挡控制器来表示无人机与地面在通信过程中受到机身遮挡的影响。通过仿真分别分析了无人机不同飞行方向和机身遮挡对信道性能的影响,验证了该信道模型的正确性和有效性。该无人机通信模型可用于指导无人机天线设计,研究编码技术。     

天童山常绿阔叶林土壤呼吸的空间异质性研究:取样数量的估算和取样方法的优化

土壤呼吸是陆地生态系统碳循环中仅次于总初级生产力的第二大碳通量,是陆地生态系统碳循环的重要组成部分.因此准确测量土壤呼吸对于估算生态系统碳储量非常关键.由于土壤呼吸速率在自然生态系统中具有高度的空间异质性,因此在野外实验中通过随机取样法很难准确估算出生态系统的土壤呼吸.探讨一套合适的野外采样方法对于评估整个陆地碳循环具有重要而又迫切的意义.为了评估取样策略(分层取样和随机取样法)和取样个数对实际土壤呼吸估算的影响,采用蒙特卡罗模拟法来检测随机和分层取样法的有效性.以浙江天童亚热带常绿阔叶林为研究对象,于2013年8月至2014年1月使用LI-8100土壤呼吸仪测定了不同呼吸环内的土壤呼吸速率及地下5 cm处的温度和水分.运用模型估算出10℃下土壤呼吸速率(R10)约为1.0μmolCO2/m2s,温度敏感系数(Q10)约为2.0.二者的平均值虽然不受取样策略和个数的影响,但其变异系数(Coefficient of Variation,CV)均随着取样个数的增加而减少,且两种取样策略间没有明显差异.在生长季,分层取样法比随机取样法的精确度提高了约16.7%,工作量减少了约36.4%,非生长季则为8.7%和22.2%.     

载波散斑相关条纹的调制频率

针对载波电子散斑干涉(CESPI)偏转物面调制法出现的载波相关条纹的调制频率(f)的合理取值问题,通过CESPI迈克尔逊测量系统光路图分析了偏转角(Δα)与调制频率之间关系,根据散斑大小与散斑空间位移间的相关约束条件,推导出载波相关条纹调制频率的极大值公式;根据载波相关条纹图的频谱分离要求,推导了载波相关条纹调制频率的极小值公式.为了有效提高调制频率,提出了一种基于偏转参考镜面的调制方法,并建立了几何光路模型进行理论分析.实验结果表明:该方法能克服散斑尺寸对调制频率的约束,可以有效提高载波相关条纹的调制频率,特别适用于大载荷形变的CESPI测量.