断层破裂速度对地震动影响的离散波数有限元法模拟

地震断层的破裂速度是断层破裂过程中的一个重要参数,它对近场地震动及其空间分布,特别是近场地震动的方向性特征有着重要的影响．为从理论上分析断层不同破裂速度对地震动方向性效应的影响,根据设定地震和根据统计关系得到的震源参数,采用离散波数有限元方法数值模拟不同破裂速度下地表观测点的地震动时程,分析地震动的峰值、反应谱和持时3个基本参数及其空间分布特征．研究表明：在地震马赫数为0．700～0．925的破裂速度范围内,断层破裂值均会使地震动及其分布呈现明显的方向性特征;断层破裂前方的地震动峰值和反应谱值大于破裂后方的地震动值,地震动持时则相反;在断层破裂方向的末端一定距离内存在一个典型的区域,在此区域内的地震动显著受到方向性的影响和控制,其地震动峰值和反应谱值显著高于其他区域,而持时则低于其他区域．总之,破裂速度对地震动及其分布的方向性特征有重要影响,随着破裂速度逐渐接近于剪切波速,地震动的方向性特征也越来越明显．     

阿克陶MW6.6地震的发震构造及滑动特征

2016年11月25日新疆阿克陶发生了M_W6.6地震。通常震中所处断层的破裂特性与周围区域应力场的动力学特征具有紧密的联系。通过对发震构造断层的精确刻画以及区域地壳中应力释放细节的深入探究,可以加深对发震构造周围地震动力学特征的认识,同时也对判定当地未来一段时间内的地震活动趋势提供了重要参考。首先搜集整理了震源附近的26条余震震源机制,利用网格搜索法反演得到震中附近的应力场,发现该地区主压应力方向为157.36°,倾伏角为1.15°,主张应力方向为66.56°,倾伏角为34.98°,与该地所处的帕米尔高原陆内俯冲形成近东西向断裂的右旋走滑兼有逆冲的背景相一致;然后利用389条余震精定位数据,结合高斯-牛顿算法和模拟退火算法拟合得到发震断层面的走向为103.64°、倾角为65.65°,这与木吉右旋走滑断裂的几何特征基本重合;将所求应力场投影到断层上,得到滑动角为152.77°,该地震表现为右旋走滑断层;最后利用本研究获得的区域应力张量模拟得到的该状态下的各种形状断层面的相对应力分布,发现该地震发生的断层面的相对剪应力接近1,破裂方向与震源区的最优剪切力方向相同,表明...     

从震源破裂过程角度分析中国大陆强震面波震级高于矩震级的原因

基于有限断层模型和数值模拟,研究震源参数对面波震级的影响。结果表明,在矩震级相同的情况下,地震破裂持续的时间越短,面波震级就越高,反之亦然。影响地震持续时间的震源参数包括子断层破裂持续时间、破裂速度和破裂长度。若地震矩不变,子断层破裂持续时间和破裂长度与面波震级负相关,破裂速度与面波震级正相关。中国大陆测定的面波震级多数情况下显著高于矩震级的原因可能有二:一是中国大陆发生的强震多为板内地震,由于应力降偏大,破裂持续时间和断层长度可能偏短;二是相对于美国国家地震信息中心测定的Ms(20),中国地震台网中心测定的面波震级系统性地偏大。     

利用全波形反演内蒙古阿拉善左旗Ms5.0级地震震源机制解

选取甘肃、青海、宁夏区域测震台网24个宽频带数字台站的地震波形采用全波形反演CAP震源机制解方法计算2017年6月3日内蒙古阿拉善盟阿拉善左旗MS5.0级地震,得到本次地震的震源机制解为带有逆冲性质的走滑断层,反演结果显示:最佳双力偶解为节面Ⅰ走向0°,倾角68°,滑动角-180°;节面Ⅱ,走向90°,倾角90°,滑动角22°,地震矩震级为MW5.0,最优深度解为10.3km,根据震源机制结果以及阿拉善左旗区域构造背景,推测此次地震发震构造为邻近河西堡-四道山断裂的一条全新世隐伏断裂。     

四川芦山Ms 7.0级地震震源机制解初步研究

 震源机制解研究是认识地震发震断层的重要手段,也是理解深部构造应力和地震发震机理的重要依据。2013年4月20日四川芦山发生M_s 7.0级地震,利用近震直达P波初动极性反演了地震机制解,同时利用全球地震台网波形记录,反演了地震机制解和矩心深度。两种方法所得发震断层走向倾角滑动角分别为208°/41°/98°和220°/46°/93°,表明这次地震为一高角度逆冲型地震,远震波形反演得到的矩心深度为12km。     

用压缩感知方法研究大地震的破裂过程——方法与研究进展

通过观测方法来研究大地震的破裂过程是认识地震破裂物理规律最重要的手段之一.本文较为详细地介绍了基于稀疏反演理论的压缩感知方法及其在研究大地震破裂过程中不同频率能量释放的时空分布中的应用,着重介绍了采用压缩感知算法所获得的俯冲带特大逆冲型地震与频率及深度相关的能量释放过程,并讨论了该过程与随深度变化的同震断层滑移量和早期余震分布之间的关系.这为认识俯冲板块表面随深度变化的摩擦性质和俯冲带大地震的破裂规律提供了重要的观测结果.最后本文讨论了通过观测手段研究大地震破裂过程的现状和未来,并展望了压缩感知算法在研究地震破裂能量释放及其他地震学和地球物理学领域中的应用.     

断层滑移扰动下不同辐射区岩体响应特征

为了研究不同应力波辐射区岩体稳定性,引入Haskell有限震源模型,采用修正Yoffe函数计算特定震动矩下断层滑移速度曲线,构建了等效断层滑移型震源,进而利用数值仿真手段,对P波、S波辐射区在断层滑移作用下岩体响应特征进行模拟。结果表明,断层滑移的时间效应对P波、S波辐射区的质点震动强度影响较大。在超过距离震源中心1倍处,质点在S波辐射区的质点峰值速度V_ppv(peak particle velocity)值要明显高于P波辐射区的PPV值,但位移量及获得的应变能则相对较小。     

山西原平M_L4.7地震矩张量反演

利用山西区域地震台网数字波形资料,在对地震重新定位的基础上,对2016年4月7日山西原平M_L4.7地震进行了矩张量反演计算与参数的稳定性评价,获得了此次地震的最佳双力偶解;并将反演结果与不同台站垂向分量的P波极性在震源球上的分布位置,以及利用Snoke方法和CAP方法得到的震源机制解进行对比,验证了参数的合理性与可靠性。结果显示:最佳双力偶解的节面Ⅰ参数为走向143°,倾向63°,滑动角-66°;节面Ⅱ走向278°,倾向36°,滑动角-128°;震源机制类型属于正断兼有右旋走滑分量,最佳震源深度11～14 km.主压应力P轴方位角94°,倾角64°;主张应力T轴方位角216°,倾角15°;标量地震矩M_0=2.492 64×10~(15) N·m,矩震级结果为M_W=4.2,与M_S震级基本一致。     

北川县地震次生滑坡空间分布特征研究

在已解译的遥感影像资料基础上,利用MAPGIS空间分析方法对汶川地震次生滑坡在北川县的空间分布特征进行研究.结果表明,由于断层效应、烈度效应、水系侵蚀作用、岩性控制作用等内外力因子的影响,在北川县境内,距发震断层4km范围区域、发震断层上盘区域、距水系1km的沿河两岸、Ⅺ级和X级地震烈度区、砂页岩分布区是五类地震次生滑坡的强发育区.将五类区域进行空间叠加,并据此对研究区进行地震滑坡危险性区划,可以看出,在发震断层上盘,汶川地震次生滑坡的高危区分布于沿断层4km范围内的整个区域及X级、Ⅺ烈度区内的沿河两岸地区;在发震断层下盘,高危区分布于沿断层4km范围内的沿河两岸地区.     

为什么尼泊尔地震后珠穆朗玛峰的高度降低了?

<正>A:尼泊尔地震的起因是印度板块向欧亚板块的持续挤压,而引发地震的断裂带属于逆断层。喜马拉雅地区位于断层的北方,也就是上盘。按照逆断层滑动的方向,应该是上盘上升、下盘下降,珠穆朗玛峰的高度应当抬升才是。但欧洲科学家通过卫星传     

Plate-boundary deformation associated with the great Sumatra-Andaman earthquake

The Sumatra-Andaman earthquake of 26 December 2004 is the first giant earthquake (moment magnitude M(w) > 9.0) to have occurred since the advent of modern space-based geodesy and broadband seismology. It therefore provides an unprecedented opportunity to investigate the characteristics of one of these enormous and rare events. Here we report estimates of the ground displacement associated with this event, using near-field Global Positioning System (GPS) surveys in northwestern Sumatra combined with in situ and remote observations of the vertical motion of coral reefs. These data show that the earthquake was generated by rupture of the Sunda subduction megathrust over a distance of >1,500 kilometres and a width of <150 kilometres. Megathrust slip exceeded 20 metres offshore northern Sumatra, mostly at depths shallower than 30 kilometres. Comparison of the geodetically and seismically inferred slip distribution indicates that approximately 30 per cent additional fault slip accrued in the 1.5 months following the 500-second-long seismic rupture. Both seismic and aseismic slip before our re-occupation of GPS sites occurred on the shallow portion of the megathrust, where the large Aceh tsunami originated. Slip tapers off abruptly along strike beneath Simeulue Island at the southeastern edge of the rupture, where the earthquake nucleated and where an M(w) = 7.2 earthquake occurred in late 2002. This edge also abuts the northern limit of slip in the 28 March 2005 M(w) = 8.7 Nias-Simeulue earthquake.     

Slip zone and energetics of a large earthquake from the Taiwan Chelungpu-fault Drilling Project

Determining the seismic fracture energy during an earthquake and understanding the associated creation and development of a fault zone requires a combination of both seismological and geological field data. The actual thickness of the zone that slips during the rupture of a large earthquake is not known and is a key seismological parameter in understanding energy dissipation, rupture processes and seismic efficiency. The 1999 magnitude-7.7 earthquake in Chi-Chi, Taiwan, produced large slip (8 to 10 metres) at or near the surface, which is accessible to borehole drilling and provides a rare opportunity to sample a fault that had large slip in a recent earthquake. Here we present the retrieved cores from the Taiwan Chelungpu-fault Drilling Project and identify the main slip zone associated with the Chi-Chi earthquake. The surface fracture energy estimated from grain sizes in the gouge zone of the fault sample was directly compared to the seismic fracture energy determined from near-field seismic data. From the comparison, the contribution of gouge surface energy to the earthquake breakdown work is quantified to be 6 per cent.     

Fracture surface energy of the Punchbowl fault, San Andreas system

Fracture energy is a form of latent heat required to create an earthquake rupture surface and is related to parameters governing rupture propagation and processes of slip weakening. Fracture energy has been estimated from seismological and experimental rock deformation data, yet its magnitude, mechanisms of rupture surface formation and processes leading to slip weakening are not well defined. Here we quantify structural observations of the Punchbowl fault, a large-displacement exhumed fault in the San Andreas fault system, and show that the energy required to create the fracture surface area in the fault is about 300 times greater than seismological estimates would predict for a single large earthquake. If fracture energy is attributed entirely to the production of fracture surfaces, then all of the fracture surface area in the Punchbowl fault could have been produced by earthquake displacements totalling <1 km. But this would only account for a small fraction of the total energy budget, and therefore additional processes probably contributed to slip weakening during earthquake rupture.     

The deterministic nature of earthquake rupture

Understanding the earthquake rupture process is central to our understanding of fault systems and earthquake hazards. Multiple hypotheses concerning the nature of fault rupture have been proposed but no unifying theory has emerged. The conceptual hypothesis most commonly cited is the cascade model for fault rupture. In the cascade model, slip initiates on a small fault patch and continues to rupture further across a fault plane as long as the conditions are favourable. Two fundamental implications of this domino-like theory are that small earthquakes begin in the same manner as large earthquakes and that the rupture process is not deterministic--that is, the size of the earthquake cannot be determined until the cessation of rupture. Here we show that the frequency content of radiated seismic energy within the first few seconds of rupture scales with the final magnitude of the event. We infer that the magnitude of an earthquake can therefore be estimated before the rupture is complete. This finding implies that the rupture process is to some degree deterministic and has implications for the physics of the rupture process.     

Simultaneous teleseismic and geodetic observations of the stick-slip motion of an Antarctic ice stream

Long-period seismic sources associated with glacier motion have been recently discovered, and an increase in ice flow over the past decade has been suggested on the basis of secular changes in such measurements. Their significance, however, remains uncertain, as a relationship to ice flow has not been confirmed by direct observation. Here we combine long-period surface-wave observations with simultaneous Global Positioning System measurements of ice displacement to study the tidally modulated stick-slip motion of the Whillans Ice Stream in West Antarctica. The seismic origin time corresponds to slip nucleation at a region of the bed of the Whillans Ice Stream that is likely stronger than in surrounding regions and, thus, acts like an 'asperity' in traditional fault models. In addition to the initial pulse, two seismic arrivals occurring 10-23 minutes later represent stopping phases as the slip terminates at the ice stream edge and the grounding line. Seismic amplitude and average rupture velocity are correlated with tidal amplitude for the different slip events during the spring-to-neap tidal cycle. Although the total seismic moment calculated from ice rigidity, slip displacement, and rupture area is equivalent to an earthquake of moment magnitude seven (M(w) 7), seismic amplitudes are modest (M(s) 3.6-4.2), owing to the source duration of 20-30 minutes. Seismic radiation from ice movement is proportional to the derivative of the moment rate function at periods of 25-100 seconds and very long-period radiation is not detected, owing to the source geometry. Long-period seismic waves are thus useful for detecting and studying sudden ice movements but are insensitive to the total amount of slip.     

云南小江断裂带中段的微震活动性――PALM自动检测方法在密集台阵中的应用

利用北京大学2016—2019年在小江断裂带中段布设的20个宽频带流动测震台和云南测震台网的3个固定台站的波形数据, 对北京大学开发的地震自动检测与定位程序PALM的有效性进行测试, 完成研究区的微震检测和精定位。共检测出4355个地震事件, 是云南台网地震目录中的4.6倍, 最小完备震级Mc值从M_L1.3降至M_L 0.8, 说明PALM技术可以在高密度地震台阵中有效且准确地检测微地震并进行定位, 提高台阵地震资料分析的智能化水平和微震检测能力。基于获取的包含丰富微震事件的目录, 研究结果勾画出小江断裂带中段地震活动的最新空间分布特性, 显示小江断裂带在主断层之外发育大量次级断层, 走向大致为东北东?西南西。研究区南端可能存在一条未曾发现的隐伏断层, 宜良县柴石滩水库周边检测出密集的微震活动。     

联合slipBERI与D-InSAR技术的青海省玛多县地震形变场提取与模拟

针对2021年5月22日青海玛多县Ms7.4地震震区形变信息、形变特征以及滑动断裂特性的提取与模拟等问题,获取了玛多县地震区的Sentinel-1A影像,采用双轨差分干涉法,并优化各项参数,提取出同震形变场,利用slipBERI(slip from Bayesian Regularized Inversion)方法对断层的几何参数及形变场进行反演和模拟。结果表明：玛多地震同震形变场的形状近似于一个椭圆,断层整体呈西北-东南走向,其上部为沉降区,下部为隆升区,最大LOS(line of sight,视线向)形变分别为0.65m和0.81m。地震形变场的运动主要以东西方向的水平运动为主,并伴有明显的左旋走滑,断层上下方相对视线向运动可达1.50m,表明此次地震的地表破裂有明显的错位移动。通过分析形变信息和地表破裂特征,可以判断该破裂带位于巴颜喀拉块体,为昆仑山口-江口断裂,反演结果与观测结果相符,这表明观测结果较可靠。     

Static slip model of the M w 9.0 Tohoku (Japan) earthquake: Results from joint inversion of terrestrial GPS data and seafloor GPS/acoustic data

Based on co-seismic displacements recorded by terrestrial GPS stations and seafloor GPS/acoustic stations, the static slip model of the 2011 Mw 9.0 Tohoku earthquake was determined by inverting the data using a layered earth model. According to a priori information, the rupture surface was modeled with a geometry that is close to the actual rupture, in which the fault dip angle increases with depth and the fault strike varies with the trend of the trench. As shown by the results inferred from the joint inversion, the "geodetic" moment is 3.68 × 10 22 Nm, corresponding to Mw 9.01, and the maximum slip is positioned at a depth of 13.5 km with a slip magnitude of 45.8 m. Rupture asperities with slip exceeding 10 m are mainly distributed from 39.6 to 36.97°N, over a length of almost 240 km along the trench. The slip was mostly concentrated at depths shallower than 40 km, up-dip of the hypocenter. "Checkerboard" tests reveal that a joint inversion of multiple datasets can resolve the slip distribution better than an inversion with terrestrial GPS data only-especially when aiming to resolve slip at shallow depths. Thus, the joint inversion results obtained by this work may provide a more reliable slip model than the results of other studies that are only derived from terrestrial GPS data or seismic waveform data.     

Extent, duration and speed of the 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake imaged by the Hi-Net array

The disastrous Sumatra-Andaman earthquake of 26 December 2004 was one of the largest ever recorded. The damage potential of such earthquakes depends on the extent and magnitude of fault slip. The first reliable moment magnitude estimate of 9.0 was obtained several hours after the Sumatra-Andaman earthquake, but more recent, longer-period, normal-mode analyses have indicated that it had a moment magnitude of 9.3, about 2.5 times larger. Here we introduce a method for directly imaging earthquake rupture that uses the first-arriving compressional wave and is potentially able to produce detailed images within 30 min of rupture initiation. We used the Hi-Net seismic array in Japan as an antenna to map the progression of slip by monitoring the direction of high-frequency radiation. We find that the rupture spread over the entire 1,300-km-long aftershock zone by propagating northward at roughly 2.8 km s(-1) for approximately 8 minutes. Comparisons with the aftershock areas of other great earthquakes indicate that the Sumatra-Andaman earthquake did indeed have a moment magnitude of approximately 9.3. Its rupture, in both duration and extent, is the longest ever recorded.