光面爆破技术在浅埋大断面隧道掘进中的研究与应用

昆沪高速黄连山隧道为浅埋、超大断面的高铁双线隧道,地质围岩条件复杂,整体稳定性较差,工程质量要求高。从爆破效果与施工安全角度出发,采用理论分析、现场试验的方法对黄连山隧道的光面爆破进行了系统研究,得出了一套较好的爆破方案,特别对周边孔的爆破参数作出了详细地分析与优化,最终使得炮孔利用率为95%左右,平均超挖量控制在6~10cm,半孔率为75%左右,隧道的开挖质量全部达到了铁路隧道的质量和安全要求。研究结果对类似环境条件下的浅埋大断面隧道掘进具有一定的借鉴意义。     

New findings of Hexalona-branch representatives in Brazil,with a description of Prenda gen. nov. (Crustacea: Anomopoda: Aloninae)

Altogether, Coronatella and Hexalona-branches are considered the main lineages of Aloninae – a subfamily of common bottom-dwelling microcrustaceans in freshwater environments. Although the taxonomic features of Brazilian members of the Hexalona-branch have been summarised for species from the costata-group and affinis-group, a revision of other widely distributed species in the world is still lacking in this country. The aim of this paper was to study the morphology of Brazilian populations from the guttata-group and intermedia-group, and to describe a new genus from the Hexalona-branch. The parthenogenetic females of Alona cf. guttata from Brazil have similar morphology when compared to data from the literature, but the armature of the terminal claw of its males seems to be different from those of Alona guttata sensu stricto, Alona barbulata and Alona werestschagini. The intermedia-group is formed by Alona elisae sp. nov., which seems to be endemic to the Cerrado of Brazil Central, and Alona isabellae sp. nov., which is widely distributed in Brazil; this species has a labral keel armed with 2–4 setulae, and postabdomen with setulae of lateral fascicles longer than the level of marginal denticles, morphological traits that differentiate it from Alona elisae sp. nov. Another endemic species from the Hexalona-branch is Prenda arvensis gen. nov. and sp. nov., which has two main head pores, a reduced seta on endite 1 of the first limb, sixth limb is a wide lobe. The potential of biodiversity from the Hexalona-branch from Brazil is still underestimated, and a global revision of the guttata-group and intermedia-group is very important for the progress of Aloninae taxonomy and systematics.

http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:0A2E4A30-0C9C-43E8-8E72-1DEDA6AFF3C3     

箱型截面的齐次广义屈服函数与结构极限承载力

针对目前箱型截面广义屈服函数为非齐次函数,采用弹性模量调整法求解箱型结构极限承载力时易出现计算结果受荷载初始值影响和计算精度受损的问题,建立了箱型截面的齐次广义屈服函数,并通过误差分析确定了齐次多项式的阶次,进而定义了箱型截面构件的单元承载比、承载比均匀度和基准承载比,建立了以单元承载比为基本参数的弹性模量调整策略,据此提出了箱形结构极限承载力分析的弹性模量缩减法;并通过算例对该方法进行验证,算例分析表明,该方法计算箱型截面结构极限承载力时,结果不受荷载初始值的影响,具有良好的计算精度和迭代稳定性.     

《计量地理学》分段式教学探讨

顺应大学生加强实践教学环节的时代要求,《计量地理学》由过去讲授为主的专业基础课程,改革为实践课程。依据《计量地理学》自身学科发展及学习思维认知理论,提出新的分段式课程教学方案:讲授—验证学习阶段、启发—引导学习阶段、指导—自主学习阶段、评测—互助教学阶段以及综合应用阶段。实现了从知识讲授到能力培养的转变,以实现实践课的目的要求。     

高应力作用下不同颗粒特征的钙质砂压缩破碎特性

对南海不同岛礁处的钙质砂开展一系列终止压力为8MPa的高压固结试验，研究不同颗粒形貌及不同粒组的钙质砂的颗粒破碎演化规律。试验结果表明，两种钙质砂试样S₁和S₂的矿物组分基本相同，但不同的沉积环境造成了颗粒形状具有显著差异；以片状颗粒为主的钙质砂试样S₂的压缩性和颗粒破碎程度会显著高于以块状颗粒为主的钙质砂试样S₁，且颗粒相对破碎率B_r均随着颗粒粒径的增大而增大；对两种不同的钙质砂而言，相对破碎率B_r与压缩变形量之间呈良好的幂函数递增关系，表明颗粒破碎大小与压缩变形量密切相关。     

Muhaka icipe,an enigmatic new genus and species of Kleidotomini (Hymenoptera: Figitidae: Eucoilinae) from an East African coastal forest

A remarkable new eucoiline genus and species, Muhaka icipe, is described herein. The genus is clearly a Kleidotomini, but is distinguished from other genera in the tribe by a unique head and scutellar morphology. The genus belongs to the ‘wedge-head’-syndrome group of species that, to date, is unique to Afrotropical eucoilines. The new genus and species is reminiscent of Stentorceps Quinlan and Nanocthulhu Buffington, but is readily distinguished from these genera. Muhaka was collected from a threatened kaya (sacred forest) of coastal Kenya. The biological importance of this and other kaya forests, as well as their protection, is discussed.

http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:6918ED2C-69A4-48FC-A1E4-2B5DFF58E876     

略谈磁性指向器的形制

司南是最早的磁性指向器.北宋时期,磁化技术的突破,导致磁性指向器的形制有了新的演变,其中,用针指向是磁性指向器形制最重要的改进.指南针的出现,极大提高了磁性指向器的指向精度,加快了磁偏现象的发现.之后,指南针的形制仍不断被改进,指南鱼发展成水罗盘,用以指向的木刻鱼被穿上小木条的磁针取代,"指南鱼"的形制消失;指南龟发展成枢轴支承式,成了旱罗盘.本文对磁性指向器的发明和演进过程稍作梳理,希望对帮助广大读者了解这一问题能够有所裨益.     

U型或浮头式换热器管板中的热应力及其主要影响因素研究

采用有限元法研究了U型或浮头式换热器管板中的热应力，并考察了管板厚度及管壳程对流换热系数的影响。研究结果表明，对于U型或浮头式换热器，管板内仍存在较大的热应力，这是由于管板上换热管中热量传递造成的，并且当管板较厚时这种应力更为突出；在管程走热流体时，管板两侧表面存在拉伸热应力，降低管板厚度可以有效地降低由热载荷引起的管板壳程侧表面热应力，壳程侧表面热应力可由40 MPa降至-13 MPa；壳程传热系数对管板温度场的影响明显，在换热器设计中使对流换热系数较低的介质走壳程有利于降低管板的热应力。     

醇热法合成管状金属银及其表征

目的通过优化合成条件，合成高结晶度的管状金属银。方法以乙二醇为溶剂和还原剂，通过考察反应时间、反应温度以及表面活性剂对产物形貌的影响，确定合成管状金属银的最优化条件。并利用XRD、SEM等技术对所得产物进行表征。结果合成了高结晶度、形貌完美的管状金属银。结论在醇热反应体系中，当反应温度高于90℃时，可以获得到纯态的金属银；通过向反应体系中加入一定量的表面活性剂，可以有效改善产物形貌，合成管状金属银。