高含硫气田采出水生化处理的微生物构效关系

为了探究高盐、高CODcr （重铬酸盐法化学需氧量）、高氨氮采出水生化处理的关键功能菌群及代谢机理,本研究在生产规模缺氧/好氧池-膜生物反应池（anoxic / oxic pond - membrane bioreactor,A/O-MBR）,使用Illumina Miseq高通量测序和实时荧光定量多聚核苷酸链式反应（real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction,qPCR）方法,检测了细菌、氨氧化细菌（ammonia oxidizing bacteria,AOB）和氨氧化古菌（ammonia oxidizing archaea,AOA）的组成和含量。A/O-MBR 出水分析结果显示CODcr平均211 mg/L,去除率72.7%;氨氮分为低/高去除率（LS/HS）两个阶段,去除率分别为5.7%和70.8%。氨氮全部氧化为亚硝酸根;但亚硝酸根没有进一步转化为硝酸根,而是部分通过反硝化转化为氮气。细菌组成揭示关键功能菌群：涉及CODcr去除的主要有林杆菌（Limnobacter）、陶厄氏菌（Thauera）、伯克氏菌（Burkholderia）、水微菌（Aquamicrobium）、藤黄单胞菌（Luteimonas）、砂单胞菌 （Arenimonas）,涉及反硝化的主要有斯塔普氏菌（Stappia）、生丝微菌（Hyphomicrobium）和噬甲基菌 （Methylophaga）。AOB优势菌是亚硝化单胞菌 （Nitrosomonas）,占比高达96.6%。AOA主要有亚硝化球菌（Nitrososphaera）、亚硝化短小杆菌 （Nitrosopumilus）和Nitrosocosmicus,均率属于奇古菌门（Thaumarchaeota）。LS和HS样品细菌含量范围2.83×10^9～4.01×10^9 拷贝/g污泥,细菌丰富是高效生化处理的基础;AOB含量分别是7.27×10^7～8.47×10^7 拷贝/g污泥和6.79×10^8～17.2×10^8 拷贝/g污泥,差异显著,是氨氮去除率差异的决定因素;AOA含量范围4.06×10^4～8.88×10^4 拷贝/g污泥,均极低,揭示其不是氨氮去除的关键菌群。这些发现可为提高含硫气田高含盐采出水处理效率和稳定性奠定基础。     

Partial sequence of the gene for a serine protease from a halophilic archaeumhaloferax mediterranei R4, and nucleotide sequences of 16S rRNA encoding genes from several halophilic archaea

A part of the gene coding for a halophilic serine protease from a halophilic archaeumHaloferax mediterranei R4 was amplified by PCR and its 672 nucleotide sequence was determined. Tentative translation to the amino acid sequence suggested that the enzyme was quite similar to halolysin produced by another halophilic archaeum strain 172P1. Nucleotide sequences of 16S rRNA encoding genes from 9 halophilic archaea were determined. Alignment of 19 sequences known so far showed that there are more than 20 positions carrying bases or deletions specific for each halobacterial genus:Halobacterium, Haloarcula, Haloferax, andHalococcus.     

氯胺/亚氯酸盐对模拟给水管网硝化作用的控制

采用生物膜培养反应器(RAB)模拟给水管网系统,比较了氯胺和亚氯酸盐对氨氧化菌(AOB)和异养菌的灭活效果.结果表明,亚氯酸盐对水中和生物膜中AOB的灭活效率均高于氯胺,1.5mg/L氯胺对水中和生物膜中AOB的灭活速率分别为5.7×10-2log/h和4.8×10-2 log/h;而0.6mg/L的亚氯酸盐对水中和生物膜中AOB的灭活速率分别为7.2×10-2 log/h和6.4×10-2 log/h,远高于氯胺的灭活效果;亚氯酸盐与氯胺联用对AOB的灭活效果与单独亚氯酸盐作用效果相当;亚氯酸盐对悬浮态和附着态的异养菌均没有灭活作用,氯胺对水中和生物膜中异养菌的灭活速率分别为8.3×10-2 log/h和5.5×10-2 log/h;采用亚氯酸盐和氯胺联合作用可有效控制硝化作用.     

Phylogenetic relationship of organisms obtained by ribosomal protein comparison

The evolutionary relationships of ribosomal proteins from eubacteria, archaea, eukaryotes, chloroplasts and mitochondria were examined by their degree of conservation, their structural and functional properties and by the occurrence of conserved structural elements. The structural domains formed by the different protein families were studied. The occurrence of monophyletic groups was investigated for each protein family within the archaea. Phylogenetic trees were constructed between these organisms and together with the homologous sequences of the other phylogenetic domains. All organisms belonging to the archaea clearly formed a monophyletic group. The conserved sequence motifs were checked for the potential to form similar secondary structural elements. Received 24 October 1996; accepted 30 October 1996     

基于全蛋白质组的微生物系统发育树构建

新近出现的信息离散性度量方法(简称FDOD方法)已在多个领域获得成功的应用,是一种非比对距离方法.随着越来越多的微生物全基因组测序任务的完成,人们开始在整个基因组水平上探讨物种的系统发育关系.因此,将FDOD方法应用于微生物系统发育分析是一项很有意义的工作.因为氨基酸序列比DNA序列更为保守,能为物种的进化分析提供更为有用的信息.对收集到的163个原核生物和5个真核生物,从完全蛋白质组出发去分析推断其系统的发育关系,所得的系统发育树包括145个细菌、18个古细菌和5个真核细菌,这与三界进化理论符合,大部分低层分支与权威的《伯杰氏系统细菌学手册》相同.并且对高层分支关系提出了一些新建议.     

极端嗜盐菌HBCC-1的分离与培养特性

从连云港台南盐场盐溶液中分离到一株极端嗜盐菌HBCC-1,革兰氏阴性,杆状,橙红色.通过比较酵母膏、可溶性淀粉、蔗糖和葡萄糖等不同碳源以及(NH4)2SO4,Ca(NO3)2,蛋白胨和胰蛋白胨等不同氮源对该菌株生长的影响情况,结果表明:酵母膏为其最佳碳源,蛋白胨为其最佳氮源.进一步研究表明,该菌株的最适生长盐浓度为3.42 mol/L,温度为35℃,pH为7.0.     

转Bt基因水稻对其根际可培养氨氧化菌的影响

通过分离计数以及运用分子生物学手段,研究了吴凤实验基地不同种植年份转BT基因水稻对水稻土壤的功能群氨氧化细菌的影响.查明种植转B t基因水稻会影响其根际浅层的可培养氨氧化细菌种群组成.这种影响表现为:种植转B t基因水稻的时间越长,种植的强度越大,对土壤氨氧化细菌的影响也就越大,这一现象从A、B、E土样的对比和B、D、E土样的对比中得到明显的反映.同样,转B t基因水稻也会影响到土壤深层的氨氧化细菌,与浅层土样中的结果具有相似性.