稳定同位素在陆地生态系统动－植物相互关系研究中的应用

稳定同位素(stable isotope)作为一种天然的示踪物,已广泛应用于植物生理学、生态学和环境科学研究中。近年来,动物生态学家也开始将稳定同位素技术应用于动-植物相互关系研究中。动物同位素组成总是与其生活环境中植物同位素组成相一致,而且还反映了一段时间内(几小时到几年甚至更长时间)动物所采食的所有食物同位素组成的综合特征;当动物栖息环境发生变化或动物迁移到一个新的生境中,动物组织同位素组成又会向新环境的同位素特征转变。这样,动物组织同位素组成能真实地反映一段时期内动物的食物来源、栖息环境、分布格局及其迁移活动等信息,是动物生存状况理想的指示者。而且,分析不同时间尺度上动物组织同位素组成还可以深入了解动物对环境变化的适应等过程。此外,动物吸收利用营养过程中存在的同位素分馏效应,为研究动物食物网和群落结构提供了理想工具。稳定同位素技术可以连续地测出食物网和群落中动物所处的营养级位置,从本质上揭示动物间捕食与被捕食关系及其在整个生态系统物质平衡和能量流动中的作用,从而使其成为动-植物相互关系研究中十分重要的、有效的研究工具。本文主要综述稳定同位素在动-植物相互关系研究方面的最新进展,评价其应用上的优缺点,并进一步提出未来研究方     

U-Pb同位素定年标准锆石的Hf同位素

利用配有193 nm激光的Neptune多接收电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(LA-MC-ICPMS), 采用新发表的Yb的同位素丰度和本研究中测定出的Yb和Hf之间的质量歧视关系, 在原位和扫描模式下, 对标准锆石91500进行了一系列的Hf同位素测定实验. 结果显示, 不同束斑直径和模式下获得的Hf同位素比值在误差范围内相同, 并与文献报道值一致. 因此, 无论是原位还是扫描模式, 均可在LA-MC-ICPMS仪器上获得可信的锆石Hf同位素组成; 同时也表明我们所采用的干扰元素的校正方法对于取得令人满意的Hf同位素测量准确度是合适的. 运用上述方法对目前微区U-Pb定年工作中常用的4种标准锆石进行系统测定发现, 91500, CZ3, CN92-1和TEMORA的¹⁷⁶Hf/¹⁷⁷Hf比值分别为0.282316±4(n = 34); 0.281704±6 (n = 16), 0.282200±6 (n = 20)和0.282684±14 (n = 24), 对应的¹⁷⁶Lu/¹⁷⁷Hf平均值分别在0.00031, 0.000036, 0.00083和0.00127左右. 研究发现, 相对CN92-1和TEMORA而言, CZ3和91500具有非常狭窄和稳定的Lu/Hf比值及Hf同位素变化范围, 是Hf同位素LA-MC-ICPMS测定的理想标准锆石.     

Genesis of zircon and its constraints on interpretation of U-Pb age

Zircon U-Pb dating is the most commonly used method for isotopic geochronology. However, it has been a difficult issue when relating zircon U-Pb ages to metamorphic conditions in complex metamorphic rocks. Much progress has been made in the past decade with respect to the genesis of zircon and its constraints on interpretation of U-Pb age. Three methods have been proposed to link zircon U-Pb age to metamorphic conditions: ( i ) internal structure; ( ii ) trace element feature; (iii) mineral inclusion composition. Magmatic zircon shows typical oscillatory zoning and/or sector zoning, whereas metamorphic zircon has internal structures such as no zoned, weakly zoned, cloudy zoned, sector zoned, planar zoned, and patched zoned ones. Zircons formed in different geological environments generally have characteristic internal structures. Magmatic zircons from different rock types have variable trace element abundances, with a general trend of increasing trace element abundances in zircons from ultramafic through mafic to granitic rocks. Zircons formed under different metamorphic conditions have different trace element characteristics that can be used to relate their formation to metamorphic conditions. It is an effective way to relate zircon growth to certain P-T conditions by studying the trace element partitioning between coexisting metamorphic zircon and garnet in high-grade metamorphic rocks containing both zircon and garnet. Primary mineral inclusions in zircon can also provide unambiguous constraints on its formation conditions. Therefore, interpretation of zircon U-Pb ages can be constrained by its internal structure, trace element composition, mineral inclusion and so on.     

皖北矿区煤层底板岩溶水氢氧稳定同位素特征

对皖北矿区主要含水层的氢氧稳定同位素进行了测试与分析,岩溶含水层中太原组石灰岩岩溶裂隙水(简称"太灰水")δ(18O)均值为-8.69‰,δD均值为-68.64‰,奥陶系石灰岩裂隙溶隙水(简称"奥灰水")δ(18O)均值为-8.47‰,δD均值为-70.10‰。指出了该矿区地表水、新生界松散层类第4层含水层(简称"四含水")、煤系砂岩水、太灰水、奥灰水氢氧稳定同位素一般特征。同时根据太灰水和奥灰水氢氧稳定同位素组成,着重分析了底板岩溶水的补给环境与径流环境以及岩溶水与其它含水层之间的联系。     

高丰度硅-28同位素的分离技术

同位素纯硅片具有特殊的物理性质,在信息技术领域有着非常广阔的应用前景。为获得高丰度28Si,利用国产的高速气体离心机,选择SiF4作为分离的工作介质,对硅同位素进行了离心分离实验。通过单机分离实验,调整气体离心机的有关参数,摸索出适合级联分离的单机参数,同时得到气体离心机分离硅同位素的单位质量数的全分离系数γ0。利用由4台离心机组成的级联,经过6个阶段的分离,得到了28Si丰度达到99.5%的样品。实验结果表明,离心法分离硅同位素是完全可行的。     

Hf isotope composition of zircons and implication for the petrogenesis of Yajiangqiao granite,Hunan Province,China

In the peralumineous granite of Yajiangqiao zircon population can be divided into two groups (i.e. Zircon Ⅰ and Zircon Ⅱ), which were formed in magmatic chamber and in emplacement place, respectively. The Hf isotope compositions of two stages of zircon show that the host magma was essentially derived from crustal material by melting. However, some higher 176Hf/177Hf ratios indicate that the granitic zircons should contain fine crystal of zircon formed in mantle-derived magma. In fact, the backscattered electron imaging and the electron microprobe analysis reveal that there is another type of zircon included within Zircon Ⅰ, which is quite different from Zircon Ⅰ and Zircon Ⅱ in morphology and chemistry. They are considered to be the product of the mantle-derived magma intruded into the granitic magma chamber at the beginning of anatexis. Thus,it is suggested that the formation of Yajiangqiao granite is related to the underplating of mantle magma.     

Geochronology of source materials from high-pressure and ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic rocks in Jurassic sedimentary rocks of Hefei Basin

Eclogite cobbles were discovered by Wang et al. (2001) in the Fenghuangtai Formation of the northern margin of Dabie Mountains in the Dushan area of Anhui Province, China[1]. They proposed that after the formation during the Triassic, the high-pressure (HP) and ultra-high-pressure (UHP) metamorphic rocks reached the sur-face through exhumation and uplifting before the late Ju-rassic. However, they have not provided any evidence about isotopic ages. One kind of cobbles of HP-UHP rocks w…     

Grove Mountains （GRV）99027： A new Martian meteorite

We report the petrography, mineral chemistry and oxygen isotopic composition of GRV 99027, a new Martian meteorite recently collected during the 16th Chinese Antarctic Research Expedition. This meteorite consists of two textural regions. The interstitial region is characterized by the presence of plagioclase and phosphate, and higher FeO contents of olivine and orthopyroxene, in comparison with the poikilitic region. All of the observations are similar to the three known Martian lherzolites. We classify GRV 99027 as the fourth sample of Martian lherzolite.     

江苏金坛三星村遗址先民的食谱研究

目前，利用稳定同位素分析方法揭示我国长江流域先民食谱的研究工作，尚比较缺乏。本文分析了江苏金坛三星村遗址19个人骨的C和N稳定同位素，探讨了该遗址先民的生活方式和社会经济结构。虽然所有样品中骨胶原已发生不同程度的降解，但其C/N摩尔比值皆落于2.9～3.6之间，表明骨胶原基本未受污染。人骨中δ¹³C和δ¹⁵N的平均值分别为-20.05±0.21‰、9.69±0.33‰，且两者呈弱正相关，反映了先民以稻作农业为主并辅以渔猎的生活方式。δ¹⁵N与C₃类在先民食谱中的比例呈弱负相关，暗示先民的稻作农业与渔猎活动相对独立。与河姆渡遗址、青浦遗址相比，三星村遗址的稻作农业得到进一步发展，渔猎经济的比例逐渐减小，但先民获取肉食资源的形式仍处于初步开发型。     

新疆柯坪地区新元古代晚期地层碳同位素组成及其对比

新疆柯坪地区新元古代晚期海相碳酸盐岩地层的碳同位素测定结果表明: 奇格布拉克组和苏盖特布拉克组上亚组碳同位素组成总体以正δ¹³C值为主, 并且在奇格布拉克组下部出现了一个明显的 δ¹³C正漂移; 在寒武系与奇格布拉克组之间、苏盖特布拉克组上亚组顶部及底部等3个层位出现了3个δ¹³C负漂移. 这些特征与华南三峡地区新元古代晚期碳同位素变化特征相似, 表明苏盖特布拉克组上亚组和奇格布拉克组分别相当于三峡地区的陡山沱组中、上部和灯影组. 其中苏盖特布拉克组上亚组顶部的δ¹³C负漂移对应于三峡地区陡山沱组顶部的负漂移, 而苏盖特布拉克组上亚组底部的δ¹³C负漂移可同陡山沱组中部以及库鲁克塔格地区汉格尔乔克组冰碛岩顶部的δ¹³C负漂移对比.