Damage evolution and failure mechanism of thermal barrier coatings under Vickers indentation by using acoustic emission technique

Acoustic emission(AE) technique was adopted to monitor the damage evolution of air plasma-sprayed(APS) yttria-partially-stabilized zirconia(YSZ) thermal barrier coatings(TBCs) during instrumented indentation testing, and then the failure mechanisms were investigated by cluster analysis and wavelet transform methods.The results of cluster analysis showed that there were three classes associated with distinct failure types for the 8YSZ coatings under Vickers indentation. Based on wavelet transform, these three clusters could be clearly distinguished from their dominant frequency bands, which were concentrated on levels A5(0–156.25 kHz), D5(156.25–312.5 kHz) and D4(312.5–625 kHz), respectively. Thus, the failure mechanism of 8YSZ coatings under Vickers indentation could be clarified by the distribution of different failure types in indentation depth. To sum up, as indentation load increases, the 8YSZ coatings can accommodate the indenter by elastic or little plastic deformation, microcracks propagation and then debonding at the splat boundaries. By comparing the distribution of AE signals induced by different failure types in indentation depth for samples with different thermal exposure time, it can be inferred that thermal exposure treatment can accelerate the degradation of APS 8YSZ TBCs.     

力学性能对矿柱体系破坏影响的三维数值分析

在深部高应力等复杂地质条件下开采时,由多个矿柱构成的矿柱体系的稳定性对矿山安全生产至关重要.利用RFPA^3D-Parallel程序,研究了单轴抗压强度对串行和并行矿柱体系破裂过程的影响.结果表明,串行矿柱中强度较弱部分的失稳决定整个体系的稳定,对该段加固和监测有助于体系的稳定性控制;对并行布设的矿柱体系,其压力传递与柱的抗压强度密切相关,较弱柱先破坏,应力依次向强度较高的柱转移,直到矿柱系统失稳;可将声发射数的多峰现象或声发射累积增长阶梯型弧段作为矿柱体系中弱柱失稳破裂、应力向相邻强柱转移的依据.     

含孔花岗岩破裂过程不同区域声发射特征

利用孔洞对声发射(AE)传播的阻隔作用,对AE探头监测区域进行分区.通过含孔花岗岩双轴加载破坏过程的AE多通道监测实验,研究了岩石变形破坏过程不同区域AE特征及其与破坏模式之间的关系.结果表明:试件的AE探头监测区域分为独测区、共测区、盲测区;试件共有两种破坏形式,“V”型和贯穿型;对于“V”型破坏的试件,主破裂发生在独测区,各通道的AE特征明显不同;对于贯穿型破坏试件,主破裂发生于共测区,各通道的AE特征较为相近.     

Spawning behaviour of Engystomops pustulatus (Anura: Leptodactylidae)

Foam nests have evolved independently in several amphibian groups as an adaptive response to prevent predation and desiccation in dry environments. Nests are normally laid on ponds, or in underground galleries, humid forest leaf litter or terrestrial bromeliads. They are built when males or females beat a foam precursor associated with the egg masses extruded by the female. The spawning process requires the synchronic actions of the mating pair to obtain a hemispheric nest that protects the offspring. Herein, we describe the spawning behaviour of Engystomops pustulatus based on videos from 13 nesting couples from the lowlands of western Ecuador. Three variables were measured as indicators of male effort: duration of mixing events, duration of resting periods, and number of kicks per mixing event. We consider that not only male physical effort but also female behaviour influences nest structure. We suggest that nest building requires prolonged and intense physical activity by the male as well as the female’s steady position during spawning and female’s oviposition site selection. Nest building has two phases. In the first phase, the duration of resting periods, the duration of mixing events, and the number of kicks increase and are highly variable. During the second phase the three variables stabilise until the end. The volume of the nest increased mainly during the second phase. In four nesting events we observed kicking movements by the female. To our knowledge, this is the first time that female kicking has been observed in leptodactylid frogs. The function of this behaviour is unknown but our observations suggest that it may be triggered by insufficient male effort. Traditionally, female mate choice in Engystomops has been explained under models of indirect benefits exclusively. We argue that the prolonged male activity during nesting could influence female fitness directly. This will allow the operation of sexual selection via direct benefits.     

中国碳排放空间格局的时空演化——基于动态演化及空间集聚的视域

针对中国碳排放的空间相关性和差异性,通过全域空间自相关检验分析中国区域碳排放的空间依赖性和时空跃迁路径,局域空间自相关检验分析中国区域碳排放的空间集聚性,依据时空跃迁测度法对中国区域碳排放散点图的时空演化展开分析.结果显示:中国碳排放省域间存在自相关性,并且表现为一种集聚格局;碳排放的相关性呈逐渐增强的趋势;中国碳排放的空间相关性和局域区域结构具有一定的锁定效应和路径依赖.因此,应该客观理性地看待中国碳排放问题,发展低碳经济和治理碳排放的政策应该主要从空间视域动态地综合考虑.     

一株产纤维素酶的枯草芽孢杆菌 部分生物学特性研究

选用球型压头和十字型压头在RMT-150C岩石力学试验机上对花岗岩分别进行不同加载速率的岩石破碎实验,采用KBD5电磁辐射数据采集系统对岩石破碎过程中产生的电磁辐射信号进行采集处理,应用分形理论分析电磁辐射脉冲数的分形特征.实验结果表明:试件在受载过程中电磁辐射脉冲数与时间具有明显的分形特征,并随加载速率增大电磁辐射信号强度增大,分形维数D也增大,具有很好的相关性;在相同速率的岩石加载破碎条件下,十字型压头电磁辐射分形维数D比球型压头的大,与电磁辐射脉冲信号的强度变化呈相同的规律,利用电磁辐射脉冲信号和分形维数D的相同规律可以更全面地反映岩石的真实破裂过程.     

面向突发事件的电网韧性能力评价及构建方法

近年来,我国对电力系统面对突发事件时的性能表现提出了更为严格的要求,利用韧性的概念构建电网系统能够实现应急全周期内避免损失.文章利用应急管理理论分阶段刻画韧性的特征,在描述突发事件下电网韧性能力的同时提出了一种定量评价电网韧性的方法,它侧重于电网在突发事件发生后随着时间的推移维持稳定、抵抗中断、恢复性能的调整能力:利用给出的韧性评价指数结合电网特有的包括运行模式、组件物理强度和网络拓扑结构在内的电网特征,针对性地描述了能够增强电网韧性的措施.最后举例选取N-1准则措施利用PSCAD软件进行仿真模拟,利用韧性评价指数说明N-1措施能够增强电网韧性的同时,验证了韧性评价指数的合理性.电网实例引用IEEE14节点模型.     

上海市宝山工业区环境空气中甲苯与苯酚的测量

运用差分光谱吸收(DOAS)技术,于2010年11月至2011年3月对上海市宝山工业区大气中的苯系物进行了连续的观测.观测结果发现,当地环境空气中甲苯和苯酚的浓度较高,均值分别为(67.2±7.1)μg/m3和(1.8±0.3)μg/m3,二者的相关系数为0.69,说明其具有相近的源;现发现苯酚的浓度显著偏高于交通源观测结果,表明其源更为复杂.对苯系物浓度数据的统计分析显示:极大值多出现在晚间(18:00~24:00)并具有较强的瞬时特征,与工业点源排放有关.甲苯和苯酚均呈现"双峰态"的日变化规律,峰值出现在8:00及20:00左右,且工作日浓度高于周末.结合与硫氧化物及氮氧化物的相关性分析发现:当地的苯系物浓度与工业排放、机动车尾气贡献、污染物扩散条件以及光化学反应过程有不同程度的相关性.     

大型体育赛事与阳光体育运动互动机制探讨——以环海南岛国际公路自行车赛为例

文章从分析阳光体育运动对象的特点入手,结合大型体育赛事对人们心理、行动及消费习惯等的影响,以环海南国际公路自行车赛为例,探究有关大型运动赛事与阳光体育运动的互动机制,为实现阳光体育运动的健康发展提供思路.     

基于贝叶斯推断的脉冲星偏振位置角拟合算法

脉冲星辐射束的偏振位置角与相位的关系可用旋转矢量模型(RVM)描述,现有的Levenberg-Marquardt非线性拟合和格点搜寻算法对RVM的拟合存在效率低、易过拟合等问题。本文发展了一套基于贝叶斯推断的马尔可夫链蒙特卡洛算法(MCMC),并用该方法对已有文献中的10颗脉冲星偏振位置角进行了拟合。结果表明,MCMC算法不仅能得到与已有文献一致的结果,而且该算法具有高效、不易过拟合、能更好地估计参数的可信度区间等优点。