上海重霾期PM2.5碳质组分污染特征及来源分析

基于Sunset碳分析仪对上海城区冬季重污染期PM_(2. 5)中的有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)浓度展开为期一个月(2014年12月1日～31日)的小时分辨率在线连续监测,并采用优化的最小R2算法对二次有机气溶胶(SOC)含量进行了估算。观测期间的PM_(2. 5)、OC和EC的平均浓度(mean±1σ)分别为(67. 5±40. 5)μg·m~(-3),(9. 9±4. 8)μg·m~(-3),(3. 1±1. 7)μg·m~(-3),其中总碳TC占PM_(2. 5)质量浓度比重为32. 2%。OC/EC的平均值为3. 5,SOC的浓度(2. 4±2. 3)μg·m~(-3),占OC比重为24. 5%。EC浓度的日变化与车流量一致,呈现出显著的早晚高值,表明机动车是上海EC的主要污染源。SOC浓度在午后达到极大值,说明光化学反应是SOC形成的重要过程。对采样期间的一次典型污染事件(15日20:00～16日5:00)进行来源分析发现,来自于生物质燃烧输送和机动车一次排放的贡献较少;而SOC占OC的比重明显高于非污染期间,表明二次成核是雾霾期有机气溶胶污染的关键过程。     

福建师范大学旗山校区室内空气质量状况监测与分析

2006年12月到2007年4月期间监测了福建师范大学旗山校区多个典型室内空气中甲醛、苯系物(苯、甲苯、二甲苯)和可吸入颗粒物的浓度.监测结果是:甲醛的小时均值范围为6.6～76.5 μg/m3,苯的小时均值范围8.6～33.4 μg/m3,甲苯的小时均值范围8.3～119 μg/m3,仅2006年12月在个别场所检出了二甲苯;图书馆内可吸入颗粒物日均值在80～134 μg/m3之间.所测污染物质量浓度均低于国家室内空气质量标准规定的限值,校区室内空气质量良好.分析了影响室内空气质量的因素,对改善与提高室内空气质量提出了建议.     

天津及渤海大气中醛酮化合物的检测

采用2,4-二硝基苯肼HPLC法在2007年9月和11月分别测定了天津及渤海大气中的醛酮类化合物.天津市大气中主要醛酮类化合物是丙酮、甲醛、乙醛和丁醛,它们平均质量浓度分别为(25.58±5.96)μg/m3、(15.93±4.49)μg/m3、(15.71±7.50)μg/m3、(15.68±3.65)μg/m3(n=25),大气醛酮质量浓度日变化趋势及工作日与休息日对比表明,机动车尾气排放和光化学反应是天津大气醛酮类化合物的重要来源.渤海大气中醛酮类化合物质量浓度显著低于城市大气浓度,但高于其他海域,其中乙醛、丙酮和甲醛平均质量浓度分别为(4.12±1.38)μg/m3、(3.79±1.89)μg/m3、(2.45±1.10)μg/m3(n=16),这3种化合物占渤海大气醛酮总量的70%以上.气团后向轨迹图分析结果表明,陆域大气迁移扩散是渤海大气醛酮化合物的重要来源,另外航行船只排放的尾气也是不可忽略的来源.与其他城市和海域比较,天津和渤海大气醛酮污染较高.     

气象因素对泰山顶大气中苯系物浓度的影响分析

利用SUMMA罐容器捕集法-气相色谱质谱法对2015年6月到7月采集的泰山气象站大气样品进行处理分析,与不同背景的其他站做浓度比对,统计该站点同期不同天气条件下的变化情况,以探究泰山顶部气象因素对苯系物浓度的影响。结果表明:泰山苯系物平均浓度为9.71μg/m~3,跟其他背景站点相比处于中低水平;雾天苯系物浓度明显高于晴天,与气象扩散条件有关;受光照条件影响,夜间污染物浓度高于白天。对苯系物浓度较高的7月14日、24日做48小时后推气流轨迹的分析发现,位于东北、东南部工业城市的污染物随着气团移动通过自由对流层远距离输送方式到达泰山,是导致该日泰山顶部苯系物浓度偏高的主要原因。     

太原市采暖大气挥发性有机物(VOCs)污染特征

本研究于2017年10月和12月使用苏玛罐对太原市采暖期前及进入采暖期后大气VOCs进行采集,并用气相色谱-质谱仪/火焰离子检测器(GC-MS/FID)对57种VOCs进行分析。结果表明,进入采暖期后,VOCs的总体浓度由51. 98μg/m~3升高至102. 43μg/m~3,在两个阶段中,各类VOCs均呈现烷烃芳香烃烯烃炔烃的趋势,苯和丙烯最为显著;比值分析结果得出,太原市受本地排放影响较大,且燃烧源为主要排放源。利用气溶胶生成系数(FAC)估算两个阶段的SOA的生成潜势,发现进入采暖期后,SOA生成潜势有大幅度的升高,芳香烃对SOA的贡献最大,且甲苯、苯和间/对-二甲苯是对SOA生成贡献大的物种。     

无锡市分级颗粒物来源解析研究

在无锡市崇宁和旺庄环境监测子站,通过对分级颗粒物进行不同季节(2014年4、7、10、12月)的采样,同时对当地颗粒物主要排放源进行采样,并对受体和排放源样品浓度和化学成分进行特征分析,结合化学质量平衡(CMB)模型解析无锡市城区和工业区分级颗粒物来源,确定分级颗粒物不同排放源的贡献率.两个观测站点,PM10年均浓度分别为143.1μg·m~(-3)(崇宁站)、119.9μg·m~(-3)(旺庄站);PM_(2.1)平均质量浓度分别为71.9μg·m~(-3)(崇宁站)、65.3μg·m~(-3)(旺庄站);PM_(1.1)年平均质量浓度分别为53.7μg·m~(-3)(崇宁站)、49.9μg·m~(-3)(旺庄).崇宁站各级颗粒物平均质量浓度均要高于旺庄站,季节差异上,颗粒物浓度在冬季明显高于其他三个季节.分级颗粒物最主要的化学成分是NO_3~-、SO_4~(2-)、OC、NH_4~+、EC、Ca、Cl~-、K、Fe、Al、Na等,通过质量重构方法后最主要的化学组分依次是颗粒态有机物(POM)、硫酸根(SO2-4)、硝酸根(NO-3)、铵根(NH_4~+)、地壳元素(CM)、其它水溶性离子、元素碳(EC)和微量元素.利用CMB模型计算得到,无锡市PM10的排放源主要为二次硝酸盐(18.2%)、二次硫酸盐(17.3%)、土壤扬尘(9.0%),PM_(2.1)最主要的三类排放源依次是二次硝酸盐(26.4%)、二次硫酸盐(22.6%)和电厂燃煤(7.3%),PM_(1.1)的排放主要来自二次硝酸盐和二次硫酸盐,分别可以达到26.6%和22.5%.分级颗粒物来源解析结果可以看出,粗粒径颗粒物主要来自于扬尘类、汽车尾气和工业过程,细粒径颗粒物主要来自汽车尾气和工业过程.为了减轻无锡市颗粒物浓度水平,重点是控制燃煤、工业生产活动中大气污染物的排放,同时要加强城市建设中的扬尘和交通废气控制.     

益阳市不同水体中苯系污染物的研究

了解益阳市的水体苯系物污染情况,为环保部门采取合适的环境保护措施提供依据。本研究优化了水样中苯系物的萃取方法,并用气相色谱仪检测益阳市不同水体中苯、甲苯、苯乙烯,邻二甲苯、间二甲苯、对二甲苯的含量,检出限均低于10μg/L,该方法在苯系物浓度为50-500μg/L间呈良好线性关系,RSD在4.2%以内,具有良好的重复性,采集的各水体中未检出苯系物。     

便携式气相色谱顶空法现场测定水体中的苯系物

用便携式GC在现场对水体中苯系物进行定性、定量，为妥善解决环境污染事故提供技术依据。该方法操作简单，灵敏度高，重复性好、适用范围广，对水中苯系物的最低检出浓度分别为：苯1．0μg/L、甲苯1．0μg/L、二甲苯1．0μg/L各组分变异系数均在4．5％～5．8％，方法精密度较好。该方法可用于应急事故中水道和河网水质中苯系物进行定量。     

溶剂解析气相色谱法测定室内空气中的苯和苯系物

采用气相色谱法测定室内空气中的苯和苯系物。方法:采用活性炭管采集,经二硫化碳解析,HP-5石英毛细管柱作为分离柱,FID检测器,考察了苯及苯系物的线性、计算因子。结果:以峰面积为基础,线性回归情况良好,可以较准确的定量;苯、甲苯、乙苯、间(对)二甲苯、邻二甲苯的计算因子分别为6.266×10-4、6.527×10-4、6.647×10-4、5.599×10-4、7.120×10-4。对浙江林学院学生宿舍、食堂、餐厅、超市进行了测定。结果表明:上述场所苯浓度均小于0.09mg/m3,苯系物浓度总和小于0.9 mg/m3。     

羟基自由基与典型苯系物的后续反应机理研究

为了研究大气中羟基自由基(·OH)氧化降解典型苯系物的反应机理.本文采用MPWB1K计算方法,理论上预测·OH与3种苯系物(苯、甲苯和对二甲苯)的反应过程,并全面地考虑了苯与·OH反应生成的加成和脱氢产物在大气中可能进行的后续反应机理及氧化降解产物.结果表明:·OH与苯、甲苯及对二甲苯的加成反应均比氢原子提取过程更容易发生,并且乙二醛、苯酚和硝基苯等是·OH氧化降解苯的主要产物,这对大气中二次有机气溶胶的形成有一定的贡献.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

Exciton Seebeck in Molecular Systems

Various applications relevant to the exciton dynamics,such as the organic solar cell,the large-area organic light-emitting diodes and the thermoelectricity,are operating under temperature gradient.The potential abnormal behavior of the exicton dynamics driven by the temperature difference may affect the efficiency and performance of the corresponding devices.In the above situations,the exciton dynamics under temperature difference is mixed with     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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An on-line scaling method for improving scalability of a database cluster

The explosive growth of the Internet and database applications has driven database to be more scalable and available, and able to support on-line scaling without interrupting service. To support more client's queries without downtime and degrading the response time, more nodes have to be scaled up while the database is running. This paper presents the overview of scalable and available database that satisfies the above characteristics. And we propose a novel on-line scaling method. Our method improves the existing on-line scaling method for fast response time and higher throughputs. Our proposed method reduces unnecessary network use, i.e. , we decrease the number of data copy by reusing the backup data. Also, our on-line scaling operation can be processed parallel by selecting adequate nodes as new node. Our performance study shows that our method results in significant reduction in data copy time.     

An improved R-tree based on childnode''s probability

R-Tree is a good structure for spatial searching. But in this indexing structure,either the sequence of nodes in the same level or sequence of traveling these nodes when queries are made is random. Since the possibility that the object appears in different MBR which have the same parents node is different, if we make the subnode who has the most possibility be traveled first, the time cost will be decreased in most of the cases. In some case, the possibility of a point belong to a rectangle will shows direct proportion with the size of the rectangle. But this conclusion is based on an assumption that the objects are symmetrically distributing in the area and this assumption is not always coming into existence. Now we found a more direct parameter to scale the possibility and made a little change on the structure of R-tree, to increase the possibility of founding the satisfying answer in the front sub trees. We names this structure probability based arranged R-tree (PBAR-tree).     

Integrating GIS Web services based on mediating architecture

The geographic information service is enabled by the advancements in general Web service technology and the focused efforts of the OGC in defining XML-based Web GIS service. Based on these models, this paper addresses the issue of services chaining,the process of combining or pipelining results from several interoperable GIS Web Services to create a customized solution. This paper presents a mediated chaining architecture in which a specific service takes responsibility for performing the process that describes a service chain. We designed the Spatial Information Process Language (SIPL) for dynamic modeling and describing the service chain, also a prototype of the Spatial Information Process Execution Engine (SIPEE) is implemented for executing processes written in SIPL. Discussion of measures to improve the functionality and performance of such system will be included.