Ecosystem vulnerability of China under B2 climate scenario in the 21st century

This paper applies climate change scenarios in China based on the SRES assumptions with the help of RCMs projections by PRECIS （providing regional climates for impacts studies） system introduced to China from.the Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research at a high-resolution （50 kmx50 km） over China. This research focuses on B2 scenario of SRES. A biogeochemical model ＂Atmosphere Vegetation Integrated Model （AVIM2）＂ was applied to simulating ecosystem status in the 21st century. Then vulnerability of ecosystems was assessed based on a set of index of mainly net primary production （NPP） of vegetation. Results show that climate change would affect ecosystem of China severely and there would be a worse trend with the lapse of time. The regions where having vulnerable ecological background would have heavier impacts while some regions with better ecological background would also receive serious impacts. Extreme climate even would bring about worse impact on the ecosystems. Open shrub and desert steppe would be the two most affected types. When the extreme events happen, vulnerable ecosystem would extend to part of defoliate broad-leaved forest, woody grassland and evergreen conifer forest. Climate change would not always be negative. It could be of some benefit to cold region during the near-term. However, in view of mid-term to long-term negative impact on ecosystem vulnerability would be enormously.     

中国近地层风能资源的时空变化特征

近地层风能蕴量是随着大气背景的变化而变化的特殊物理量,研究在全球变暖的背景下近地层风能资源的气候变化与分布特征,对我国风能产业的发展规划具有重要的理论意义和实际价值.选取全国186个地面站在1960-1999年共40年的常规风速观测资料,采用了分段线性拟合、变化速率计算等方法,对研究区域内年平均风速进行了趋势分析,又通过对逐年的平均风能密度做REOF分解,提取了具有不同风能变化型态的7个显著区域,探讨了风能资源的时空气候变化特征.研究结果发现:中国逐年平均风速呈现"冬春大、夏秋小"型,40年来各季和全年的年平均风速、风能密度均是显著减弱的,在70年代中前期之后出现显著的持续下降趋势;北方区、东北区、东部沿海区的风能资源相对最为丰富,变化幅度也最大,中部区风能资源最为贫乏,变化幅度最小.风能资源的分布特点和变化趋势与影响我国的冬、夏季风系统的气候变化关系密切.     

太原旅游区位特点及气候因素分析

太原是一座具有2500年历史的古城，历史文化遗产众多，旅游资源丰富，但许多旅游资源还没有转化为旅游产品。太原市的旅游发展具有特殊的区位优势，主要表现在：可开发的客源市场充足；基础设施和环境条件日臻完善；地处山西省疆土的中央，以太原为中心2h-3h路程的“大太原”旅游格局逐渐形成，太原又位于北京与西安两大国际旅游城市连接线的中点，形成北京-山西-陕西旅游黄金通道，太原气候条件优越，文章利用温湿指数和风效指数计算分析了太原全年旅游气候舒适度，得到结论：可以开展旅游的天数可达270d，适宜旅游天数210d，适宜于旅游、休闲、渡假、疗养天数为180d。     

近50年内蒙古多伦县气候变化特征分析

以1961～2005年多伦县气象站气象记录为主要数据来源,选取气温、降水量、蒸发量、干湿度等指标,采用常规统计分析方法,进行了年均和季度变化的时间序列分析.结果表明:多伦县年均气温趋于上升趋势,降水量波动较大,并且夏季降水量对全年降水量贡献最大.年均蒸发量总趋势是下降的,整体上比较稳定.干湿度趋于上升,呈现变湿润趋势.近50年来多伦县气候呈现增温增湿的趋势.     

广州市近50年来气候变化分析

利用广州市1951～2004年的气温、降水、最高气温、最低气温和风速等资料,运用数理统计等方法,对各气象要素进行统计,分析了近50年气候变化特征.结果表明:近50年来广州市气候趋向变暖,特别是80年代以来,年平均气温升高明显.近50年来平均气温增长率为每10年上升0.13℃.近50年来年平均气温上升的主要季节在湿季,并且主要是与1～3月干季平均气温的变化有关;年平均降水量随着时间的推移呈现周期性的现象.除了秋季降水减少以外,夏、冬、春季降水都有增加,其中夏季降水量每10年增加3.82 mm,在四季中增加速率最快,对年降水量影响较大;平均风速的年际变化较小,长期变化呈现下降趋势并具有阶段性,四季中冬季平均风速最大,对年际变化影响有着重要的意义.     

Effects of historical land cover changes on climate

In order to explore the influence of anthropogenic land use on the climate system during the last mil- lennium, a set of experiments is performed with an Earth system model of intermediate complexity—— the McGill Paleoclimate Model (MPM-2). The present paper mainly focuses on biogeophysical effects of historical land cover changes. A dynamic scenario of deforestation is described based on changes in cropland fraction (RF99). The model simulates a decrease in global mean annual temperature in the range of 0.09-0.16℃, especially 0.14-0.22℃ in Northern Hemisphere during the last 300 years. The responses of climate system to GHGs concentration changes are also calculated for comparisons. Now, afforestation is becoming an important choice for the enhancement of terrestrial carbon sequestration and adjustment of regional climate. The results indicate that biogeophysical effects of land cover changes cannot be neglected in the assessments of climate change.     

Impacts of climate warming on heating energy consumption and southern boundaries of severe cold and cold regions in China

Impacts of climate warming on heating energy consumption and southern boundaries of severe cold and cold regions of China in the past 20 years are analyzed by using daily and monthly average tem- perature data from 590 weather stations in China and based on regulations of Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning Design Rules (GB50019-2003) and Thermal Design Rules for Civil Building (GB50175-93) (China National Standard). The contribution of climate warming to coal saving for heating during cold seasons in major cities is calculated according to indices of coal consumption for heating in major cities during cold seasons defined in Energy Conservation Design Standard for New Heating Residential Buildings (JCJ26-95). Comparing with the period before 1980, southern boundaries of se- vere cold and cold regions shift toward north up to 2 degrees in latitude since the mid-1980s. Theo- retically, climate warming could contribute to 5%―10% coal savings for heating since the mid-1980s in major cities, and even more since the mid-1990s.     

基于不同气候变化情景的东江流域水资源量预测研究

采用半分布式水文模型HSPF,结合1978-1998年东江流域实测气象数据和5个气候模式在3种RCP气候情景(RCP8.5,RCP4.5,RCP2.6)下基准期(1960-2000年)和未来时期(2020-2070年)降水、蒸发情景模拟结果,在对东江流域径流模拟检验基础上,对2020-2070年东江流域水资源量做了深入分析。结果表明,HSPF模型能很好模拟东江流域年、月径流以及洪水期径流变化,博罗站的NASH系数均超过0.81,PBIAS低于10%,RSR低于0.45;所选取气候模式能很好的反映研究流域气象数据在年内分布情况。对未来气候和东江流域水资源量模拟结果表明:1 2020-2070年不同气候变化情景下东江流域降水及蒸发量在RCP2.6和RCP4.5情景下均呈上升趋势,而在RCP8.5情景下,东江流域蒸发量则呈现下降趋势;2未来东江流域多年月均径流量呈增加趋势;3未来东江流域不同频率下的洪水和枯水流量均呈不同程度的增长。相对于基准期,未来时期的洪水天数呈增长趋势,洪水灾害有加剧态势。     

近半个世纪以来中国季风区气温与降水变化及其时空差异

利用中国东部季风区20个测站1960-2012年气温和降水量的月值数据,采用线性趋势分析、Mann-Kendall突变检验、Morlet小波分析等方法,分析了季风区各区域年平均气温和年降水量的变化趋势、突变现象和周期特征.结果表明1960-2012年季风区各区域均有增温趋势,在20世纪90年代发生突变,东北地区发生突变要早于其他地区,北方地区的增温幅度大于南方,存在4年左右周期,8～16年的准周期,气温的高频变化周期在内陆地区表现更为明显;年降水量在53年里处于波动状态,四川盆地、华北地区和季风区西北部地区降水有减少趋势,长江流域下游降水有增加趋势,其他地区没有明显变化趋势,存在2～4年周期、8～16年左右准周期,降水的低频变化周期在近海地区表现更为明显.     

粘土矿物分析及其指示的气候意义 ——以毛乌素沙漠滴哨沟湾为例

以毛乌素沙漠东南缘萨拉乌苏河流域滴哨沟湾剖面DGS1层段为代表,对其粘土矿物组成进行分析.结果显示,DGS1层段粘土矿物以石英、钾长石、钠长石、伊利石、蒙脱石、方解石和绿泥石为主,各层位均不含高岭石.各种沉积相矿物组成基本一致,说明该地区的矿物来源基本一致.不同沉积相粘土矿物含量不尽相同,沙丘砂、次生黄土中的石英、长石、伊利石、绿泥石等代表干、寒气候的粘土矿物含量高,湖沼相中的蒙脱石、方解石等代表暖湿气候的粘土矿物含量高,个别湖沼相层位出现了白云石.粘土矿物组分表现出萨拉乌苏河流域全新世气候特征:本地区全新世总体偏冷干,各沉积相缺失高岭石而均存在绿泥石可为证明;本地区全新世气候分为两个主要气候阶段,早期到中期堆积湖沼相为主的时期气候相对温暖湿润;中期以后到现在堆积次生黄土和沙丘砂的阶段气候相对寒冷干燥.