The Pristionchus pacificus genome provides a unique perspective on nematode lifestyle and parasitism

Here we present a draft genome sequence of the nematode Pristionchus pacificus, a species that is associated with beetles and is used as a model system in evolutionary biology. With 169 Mb and 23,500 predicted protein-coding genes, the P. pacificus genome is larger than those of Caenorhabditis elegans and the human parasite Brugia malayi. Compared to C. elegans, the P. pacificus genome has more genes encoding cytochrome P450 enzymes, glucosyltransferases, sulfotransferases and ABC transporters, many of which were experimentally validated. The P. pacificus genome contains genes encoding cellulase and diapausin, and cellulase activity is found in P. pacificus secretions, indicating that cellulases can be found in nematodes beyond plant parasites. The relatively higher number of detoxification and degradation enzymes in P. pacificus is consistent with its necromenic lifestyle and might represent a preadaptation for parasitism. Thus, comparative genomics analysis of three ecologically distinct nematodes offers a unique opportunity to investigate the association between genome structure and lifestyle.     

Nodal signals pattern vertebrate embryos

Vertebrate embryonic patterning requires several conserved inductive signals–including Nodal, Bmp, Wnt and Fgf signals. Nodal, which is a member of the transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) superfamily, activates a signal transduction pathway that is similar to that of other TGFβ members. Nodal genes, which have been identified in numerous vertebrate species, are expressed in specific cell types and tissues during embryonic development. Nodal signal transduction has been shown to play a pivotal role in inducing and patterning mesoderm and endoderm, and in regulating neurogenesis and left-right axis asymmetry. Antagonists, which act at different steps in the Nodal signal transduction pathway, have been shown to tightly modulate the inductive activity of Nodal. Received 20 October 2005; received after revision 15 November 2005; accepted 25 November 2005     

Differentiated cells are more efficient than adult stem cells for cloning by somatic cell nuclear transfer

Since the creation of Dolly via somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), more than a dozen species of mammals have been cloned using this technology. One hypothesis for the limited success of cloning via SCNT (1%-5%) is that the clones are likely to be derived from adult stem cells. Support for this hypothesis comes from the findings that the reproductive cloning efficiency for embryonic stem cells is five to ten times higher than that for somatic cells as donors and that cloned pups cannot be produced directly from cloned embryos derived from differentiated B and T cells or neuronal cells. The question remains as to whether SCNT-derived animal clones can be derived from truly differentiated somatic cells. We tested this hypothesis with mouse hematopoietic cells at different differentiation stages: hematopoietic stem cells, progenitor cells and granulocytes. We found that cloning efficiency increases over the differentiation hierarchy, and terminally differentiated postmitotic granulocytes yield cloned pups with the greatest cloning efficiency.     

柴油机燃用生物柴油燃烧与排放

研究了柴油机燃用0号柴油和生物柴油的燃烧放热规律．通过对燃烧特征参数的计算分析,发现生物柴油的燃烧始点有所提前,滞燃期缩短;燃烧初期放热尖峰出现时刻对应的曲轴转角有所提前,瞬时放热率峰值下降;燃烧持续期延长．同时还比较了柴油机燃用生物柴油和0号柴油的经济性和排放特性,发现燃油消耗率增加12％,而各种排放污染物除NOx略有上升外,CO、HC和颗粒物PM均显著下降．     

多车环境下智能货车的紧急转向决策及轨迹规划

决策与规划是实现自动驾驶的关键技术,针对自动驾驶货车在紧急转向避障时需要考虑换道时目标车道的安全性和规划出最优避障轨迹的问题,采用将换道时左右车道上的车辆与自车的相对距离和换道的最小安全距离的差值分别建立模糊关系的方法,通过比较模糊规则推理设计的安全值,选择更安全的车道进行转向避障,为了迅速规划出最优避障轨迹,采用三阶贝塞尔曲线,通过设计4个控制点坐标形成避障曲线,为了防止转向时横向加速度过大导致货车发生侧翻和速度过快与前车发生碰撞,设计车辆的稳定性边界和碰撞边界对控制点进行约束,使用MATLAB中的函数求解出不同车速下的最优换道轨迹,最后使用仿真软件进行仿真验证,结果表明设计出的避障决策和轨迹规划可以安全、有效地避开障碍。     

基于时间段的时序规则发现

时序规则挖掘用以挖掘数据库中与时间相关的规则及模式.现今大部分时序数据挖掘均是针对基于时间点的,基于时间段的挖掘相对较少.在此提出一个新的基于时间段的时序规则挖掘算法,通过挖掘频繁闭模式集取代完整频繁模式集,减少了挖掘时间,算法效率很高.     

底水油藏水侵量计算新方法

针对底水油藏的开发,在缺乏试井数据的情况下采用常规油藏物质平衡法以及试井分析方法均难以确定水驱控制储量,进而无法获得水体参数和特征来计算油田的水侵量。为了更加准确的预测水驱油田水侵量,本文结合生产动态资料,选择符合的水驱特征曲线计算水驱控制储量。在此基础上,考虑油环油、溶解气、水体等因素,建立物质平衡方程,通过亏空体积曲线法计算获得水侵量。利用Fetkvoitch拟稳态模型,采用试错法,优化计算水体体积和水侵系数,保证Fetkvoitch拟稳态模型求解的水侵量和亏空体积曲线法求解的水侵量最接近,得到最优的水体体积和水侵系数对未来生产动态中水侵量进行预测。运用油藏数值模拟软件建立的模型与本文提出两种的计算方法拟合结果对比可知的水体体积的误差为2.6%、水侵指数的误差为2.2%,计算结果准确,为底水油藏计算水侵量提供了可靠的依据,并为预测水侵量提供了新的方法。     

主成分分析在高光谱遥感图像降维中的应用

高光谱遥感图像的高数据维给图像进一步处理带来了困难,为了解决这一问题,本文提出了主成分分析的降维方法.根据原始数据协方差阵的特征值和特征向量,可以计算各个波段对给定主成分的贡献率,对重要主成分贡献率的和直接反应了波段信息量的大小,实验证明,该方法效果较好,且计算量小.     

2018年中国重大科学、技术和工程进展

 本着分门别类、本刊推荐、专家遴选、宁缺毋滥、叙述事实的原则，从国内外重要科技期刊和科技新闻媒体所报道的中国科技成果中，按科学、技术、工程3个类别，由《科技导报》编辑部遴选、推荐候选条目，经《科技导报》编委、审稿人等专家通信评选，推选出2018年度中国重大科学、技术、工程进展30项。1）2018年中国重大科学进展10项：基于体细胞核移植技术成功克隆出猕猴；揭示抑郁发生及氯胺酮快速抗抑郁机制；实现用于肿瘤治疗的智能型DNA纳米机器人；发现促进晚期癌症恶化的新型红细胞样细胞亚群；证实人类生活在黄土高原的历史可追溯至212万年前；人工创建单染色体真核细胞；实现对万有引力常数G的精确测量；揭示富锂巨星起源的一个可能机制；制备基于自组装亚微米结构的高效钙钛矿发光二极管；在铁基拓扑超导体中发现马约拉纳费米子。2）2018年中国重大技术进展10项：“墨子号”量子卫星成功实现洲际量子密钥分发；北斗组网卫星搭载新一代氢原子、铷原子钟，技术指标达国际先进水平；实现全球首例人类肺脏再生；“魂芯Ⅱ-A”芯片发布，实际运算性能业界同类最强；首次合成阿波霉素，可应对超级细菌；通过叠层设计使有机太阳能电池光电转化效率突破17.3%；中国运载火箭垂直回收制导技术试验成功；创建出新型超分辨成像技术，揭示细胞器互作新现象；基于有序间隙原子复合体设计出高强度高塑性金属材料；成功研制出世界首台分辨力最高紫外超分辨光刻装备，可加工22 nm芯片。3）2018年中国重大工程进展10项：港珠澳大桥正式通车运营；国际大科学工程SKA首台正样样机出厂，“地球之眼”配上中国天线；世界首台全自动干细胞诱导培养设备通过验收，智能化干细胞诱导培养设备诞生；中国超级钻机“地壳一号”以7018 m深度创造亚洲国家大陆科学钻井新纪录；中国自主研发的疏浚重器“天鲲号”交付使用；全球首台AP1000三代核电机组成功并网发电；世界首座大跨度高铁斜拉桥成功合龙，设计时速达350 km/h；国产大型水陆两栖飞机AG600成功实现水上首飞起降；3个E级超算原型机系统完成交付，中国超算实现“三头并进”；“嫦娥四号”开启人类首次月球背面软着陆探测之旅。