网络环境下数字图书馆与网络内容提供者(ICP)之著作权侵权责任探析

随着数字技术的产生和逐渐成熟,数字图书馆将成为图书馆发展的主要模式.作为网络服务提供者.其与网络内容提供者之问关于作品的著作权产生侵权纠纷时,网络内容提供者作为营利性机构,应当承担无过错责任,而数字图书馆作为公益性机构,只应当承担过错责任,同时对于著作权侵权损害赔偿不应当承担连带性赔偿责任.     

Basal autophagy is involved in the degradation of the ERAD component EDEM1

Little is known about the fate of machinery proteins of the protein quality control and endoplasmic reticulum(ER)-associated degradation (ERAD). We investigated the degradation of the ERAD component EDEM1, which directs overexpressed misfolded glycoproteins to degradation. Endogenous EDEM1 was studied since EDEM1 overexpression not only resulted in inappropriate occurrence throughout the ER but also caused cytotoxic effects. Proteasome inhibitors had no effect on the clearance of endogenous EDEM1 in non-starved cells. However, EDEM1 could be detected by immunocytochemistry in autophagosomes and biochemically in LC3 immuno-purified autophagosomes. Furthermore, influencing the lysosome-autophagy pathway by vinblastine or pepstatin A/E64d and inhibiting autophagosome formation by 3-methyladenine or ATGs short interfering RNA knockdown stabilized EDEM1. Autophagic degradation involved removal of cytosolic Triton X-100-insoluble deglycosylated EDEM1, but not of EDEM1-containing ER cisternae. Our studies demonstrate that endogenous EDEM1 in cells not stressed by the expression of a transgenic misfolded protein reaches the cytosol and is degraded by basal autophagy. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. Received 15 January 2009; received after revision 16 February 2009; accepted 17 February 2009 V. Le Fourn, K. Gaplovska-Kysela: These authors equally contributed to this work.     

鲁迅的版本学成就探析

鲁迅是＂五四＂之后文化界少有的致力于传统文化典籍整理的学者,他精通版本之学,有着很强的版本意识和独到的版本见解。着重探讨了鲁迅在古籍版本研究上所取得的成就。     

混合能量法及其在梁问题中的应用

本文首先论述了梁的混合能量原理,然后,对梁的静力、稳定、振动及弹性地基梁的问题作了具体解答。混合能量法既可扩大解题范围,又能同时获得精度较高的位移和内力,从而受到人们的重视。     

蚕豆子叶愈伤组织的生长与分化

利用蚕豆(Vicia faba)未成熟种子的幼龄子叶为外植体,以MSB_5为基本培养基,可较好的克服蚕豆组织和细胞培养中遇到的诱导率低、生长缓慢、褐化死亡等困难。第一代或继代一次的蚕豆幼龄子叶的愈伤组织可分化出幼芽和根。继代两次以上的愈伤组织则失去分化能力,但仍能继代培养,现已继代培养两年之久,可作为植物细胞工程的原始材料加以利用。     

内蒙古苦豆子Sophoraalopecuroides生物碱成分及分离研究

用薄层扫描法测定了内蒙古苦豆子中主要生物碱的含量，真空液相层析法分离总碱得八种结晶。其中七种已知生物碱。通过熔点、薄层定性、红外、核磁等理化分析比较确认为槐果碱、苦参碱、槐定碱、槐胺碱、氧化苦参碱、金雀花碱和Ｎ－甲基金雀花碱。晶（１）经ＩＲ，￣１ＨＮＭＲ及ＭＳ谱表征，初步认为是槐定碱的Ｎ－氧化物，是首次从国产苦豆子植物分离得到．     

1-乙螵基-1′-(卤代苯甲螵基)二茂铁的合成及其锆氢化反应的研究

利用乙螵二茂铁与卤代苯甲螵氯通过付一克反应合成了一系列的1-乙螵基-1′-(卤代苯甲螵基)二茂铁。并通过锆氢化反应进行了碳氧双键的选择还原,得到了相应的一螭基和二螭基的二茂铁衍生物。同时还用锂铝氢进行了还原对比。所得的二十八个化合物均为新化合物。并研究了这些化合物的IR, H~1NMR图谱。     

由三倍体西瓜下胚轴诱导植株再生的研究

将三倍体西瓜(Citrullus Vul(?)aris Schrad。)下胚轴切段接种在添加0.02mg/L2,4-D和0.6mg/L6BA的MS培养基上,可诱导出生长旺盛、结构致密的愈伤组织.将愈伤组织转移到含不同浓度的6BA、IAA、IBA和三十烷醇的分化培养基上,分化出了芽和根,进而长成了正常的植株.将不定芽接种在含0.2～0.4mg/L6BA和6mg/L维生素P_1的MS培养基上.可得到许多簇生芽和植物体.用蛭石代替琼脂的生根培养基对于根系的生长和试管苗的移植有良好的效果.经细胞学观察表明,由三倍体西瓜下胚轴诱导出再生植株的染色体倍性有所变化,即有一倍体(n=11)、二倍体(2n=22),三倍体(3n=33)和非整倍体等.     

灰色控制系统的极值白化最优控制

本文提出了灰色控制系统极值白化最优控制的概念.对于灰色线性二次问题给出了极值白化最优控制存在的条件,性能指标的估计以及在极值由化最优控制反馈下系统的稳定性分析.     

HIV F/3' orf encodes a phosphorylated GTP-binding protein resembling an oncogene product

Apart from the retroviral gag, pol and env the HIV genome contains the F (3' orf) gene which encodes a polypeptide of 206 amino acids which is myristylated at the N-terminal and whose function is unknown. We have expressed the F gene in Escherichia coli and from a recombinant vaccinia virus, VVTGfHIV. The F-protein produced in VVTGfHIV-infected mammalian cells is myristilated, and is phosphorylated by protein kinase C at a residue close to the N-terminus like pp60-src (ref. 5). Purified bacterial F-protein also shows the GTPase, autophosphorylation and GTP-binding activities reported for the ras gene product. Furthermore, we show that expression of F in a CD4+ cell line down-regulates the CD4(T4) antigen. These results suggest that F is important in the pathophysiology of AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome).