电动汽车技术进展和发展趋势

通过对国内外电动汽车关键技术的发展现状和技术水平的比较分析，以及H∞鲁棒控制方法在电动汽车驱动控制、再生制动控制和运动控制系统上应用的研究，展望了电动汽车的发展趋势，首先发展铅酸蓄电池电动汽车(BEV)是明智的选择，由于开发混合电动汽车(HEV)的难度较大，所以燃料电池电动汽车(FCEV)将成为今后的主流技术，是未来汽车的发展方向。     

固体酸催化合成富马酸二甲酯

以固体酸硫酸氢钠为酸催化剂,浓磷酸、硫脲、溴化钠为辅助剂组成混合物催化剂,用马来酸酐和甲醇为原料多相催化一步合成富马酸二甲酯.反应的最佳条件是:硫酸氢钠0.8g,浓磷酸2.0mL,硫脲1.0g,溴化钠1.0g,马来酸酐与甲醇的物质的量的比例为1∶6.回流反应3小时,产率达80.5%,该法以固体酸硫酸氢钠取代传统酸催化剂浓硫酸,具有反应时间短,产物易于分离,催化剂可回收,对环境污染小的特点.     

微乳模板控制合成磷酸钙盐材料

可以调控和诱导矿化的CTAB／正己醇／十六烷／水和TX100／正己醇／环己烷／水的两个拟三元微乳液体系作为磷酸钙盐矿化的“模板”．利用SEM、TEM、XRD和FT—IR等手段研究了产物的微观结构和组成．结果表明：不同的微乳及微乳中不同的相可以调控产物的形状、结构和大小，而且即使在相同的微乳体系中，由于成核作用的不同也可以导致最终产物的结构的不同．     

纳米光学功能材料Gd2O3:Tb3+的反相微乳合成及发光性能

采用反相微乳液法合成Gd2O3：Tb^3 纳米粒子，对其晶体结构、发光性能和最佳发光离子浓度进行了研究，并且与草酸盐共沉淀法制得的Gd2O3：Tb^3 相比，结果表明，其粒径减小，晶体形成温度降低了近100℃．     

广州夏季大气中碳气溶胶浓度水平及污染特征

2002年6-7月于广州市3个采样点采集PM10和PM25样品,测定了PM10,PM25以及元素碳(EC)和有机碳(OC)的浓度.PM10和PM2.5平均浓度分别为124.77μg@m-3及78.13μg@m-3.PM10和PM2.5中的OC浓度分别为22.3μg@m-3和15.80μg@m-3,EC浓度分别为7.78和5.90μg@m-3,其中73.8%的OC和77.7%的EC存在于PM25中.在3个采样点PM10和PM25中,OC/EC比值均大于2.0,表明广州夏季大气存在二次污染.各种气象条件对OC、EC浓度及其比值的变化都有不同程度的影响,其中降水和风速是OC、EC浓度变化的主要气象因素.     

黄河流域的土地利用和土地覆盖变化

应用遥感技术与地理信息系统 GIS技术进行土地利用变化监测 ,具有快速、客观的特点。对 L ANDSAT TM图像进行解译判读 ,获取反映黄河流域 2 0世纪 80年代末期到 90年代末期土地利用和覆盖情况的 1:10万比例尺的土地利用数据。通过应用土地利用动态度模型、土地利用程度时空演变模型、土地利用类型转移模型和土地利用重心模型 ,对黄河流域近 10年的土地利用和覆盖变化进行了研究。研究结果表明 :10年来黄河流域草地、林地面积减少 ,而耕地、建设用地、未利用地面积增加 ,而人类活动是黄河流域土地利用和覆盖变化的主导因子     

Approaches to prediction of impact of Qinghai-Tibet Railway construction on alpine ecosystems alongside and its recovery

With the aid of the Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information System (GIS) technology, the ecosystem pattern and fragility distribution maps of the 50-km-wide zone along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway were compiled and by using the superimposition method, range, area and indexes of the impact of various engineering activities on the ecosystems alongside the railway were studied. By making reference to the ecosystem recovery process of the Qinghai-Tibet Highway, mechanisms of recovery of the alpine ecosystems alongside the Qinghai-Tibet Railway were studied and extents and rates of the recovery were predicted.The results indicate that the impact of the railway engineering on the Alpine ecosystem depends mainly on how much the original surface soil in the zone has been disturbed and how fragile of the ecosystem per se. Restoration of vegetation coverage and species abundance shows a significantly reverse relationship with disturbance of the original surface soil but an extremely positive one with the length of the restoration period and mean annual precipitation and annual mean relative humidity in the period and no obvious bearings with altitude and temperature. In sections with an annual precipitation over 200mm, as long as a certain percentage of original soil is left in situ, it takes only 30 years or so for biodiversity to get basically restored to the original level after the construction is completed but at least 45-60 years or more for vegetation coverage.     

Analysis of carbon isotopes in airborne carbonate and implications for aeolian sources

Methods were developed to determine the mass ratios of carbon isotopes in trace amounts of aerosol carbonate. A Finnigan MAT 252 mass spectrometer fitted with an on-line Kiel device was to determine the ^13C/^12C ratio in CO2 produced from the carbonate. A study using these methods was conducted to characterize the carbonate carbon isotopes in aerosol samples collected in Xi‘an on dusty and normal days during March and April 2002. Results of the study demonstrate that insights into the origin of the dust can be deduced from its isotopic composition. That is, the δ^13C ofcarbonate for dust storm samples ranged from -1.4‰ to -4.2‰, and this is consistent with sandy materials in dust source regions upwind. In contrast, for non-dusty days δ^13C ranged from -7.5% to -9.3‰, which is more similar to fine particles emitted from local surface soils. Comparisons of dust storm aerosols with surface soils from source regions and with aerosol samples collected downwind indicate that the δ^13C values did not change appreciably during longrange transport. Therefore, carbon isotopes have the potential for distinguishing among source materials, and this approach provides a powerful new tool for identifying dust provenance.     

Preparation and properties of antimony thin film anode materials

Metallic antimony thin films were deposited by magnetron sputtering and electrodeposition. Electrochemical properties of the thin film as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries were investigated and compared with those of antimony powder. It was found that both magnetron sputtering and electrodeposition are easily controllable processes to deposit antimony films with flat charge/discharge potential plateaus. The electrochemical performances of antimony thin films, especially those prepared with magnetron sputtering, are better than those of antimony powder. The reversible capacities of the magnetron sputtered antimony thin film are above 400 mA h g^-1 in the first 15 cycles.     

二十二碳六烯酸乙酯对沙土鼠缺血再灌注脑损伤及水肿作用的研究

研究二十二碳六烯酸乙酯(E-DHA)对沙土鼠缺血再灌注脑损伤及其脑水肿的影响.选用雄性断奶沙土鼠灌胃给予二十二碳六烯酸乙酯(150 mg/(kg·d))或等体积溶媒10周,阻断沙土鼠双侧颈总动脉血流10 min,造成缺血再灌注模型;测定再灌注后脑组织中丙二醛(MDA)水平,还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量,超歧化氧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)和钾、钠-ATP酶(Na ,K -ATPase)活性,脑水含量,钠、钾离子浓度及海马CA1区神经细胞存活百分数.结果表明:E-DHA预处理显著降低缺血再灌注沙土鼠脑组织MDA水平,阻止GSH含量、GSH-PX和Na ,K -ATPase活性下降,而对SOD的活性未表现出明显作用;E-DHA亦调节缺血再灌注沙土鼠脑组织钠、钾离子浓度,减轻缺血再灌注所致的脑水肿和神经细胞死亡.提示E-DHA对脑缺血再灌注脑损伤有显著保护作用,机制可能其与抗氧化作用有关.