人工智能体的自主性与责任承担

认知是人类对信息加工的过程。延展认知理论认为,认知不一定局限于大脑和身体之内,可以延展到身体之外。当前,借助互联网和大数据技术,人工智能体对人类感觉、知觉、思维、语言等多种认知能力模拟水平飞速提高,智能化程度也大大提升。在智能体与人、环境等要素共同构成的人机系统中,人机交互呈现出新的特点,智能体表现出越来越强的"自主性",而人却主动地放弃选择的自由,这引发学界关于人机系统中智能体能否承担事故责任以及怎样承担等问题的新讨论。本文认为,人类的认知可以被人工智能体延展,但责任却不能延展,由此设计出人机系统的责任分配原则;最后分别从人工智能体的"输入-输出"能否控制,尝试在四种语境下给出了人机系统的责任承担方案。     

人工智能“合乎伦理设计”的理论探源

人工智能设计是为了满足设计主体的目的而制造人工物的过程,设计是合目的性与合价值性的统一,设计体现设计者的意愿,设计关注设计的目的、行为以及人工物的功能。与其他技术人工物不同,智能机器具有自身推理能力与自动决策功能,为了更好地设计人工智能客体,为了充分发挥人工智能的功能,必须对其理论基础追踪溯源,对其理论来源与理论前提进行充分挖掘,才能保证人工智能设计在设计之初把人类规范与道德嵌入到智能机器中,才能规范智能机器的发展。     

如何为基于演化心理学的心智计算理论辩护——平克对心智计算理论的发展及其面临的难题

人工智能研究离不开人类的心智问题的思索,对人类心智、人性、灵魂和肉体关系等问题的探索一直都是每个时代的重要的哲学议题。心智计算理论试图用信息、运算、反馈这些术语来解释心理活动,用一种极具影响力的新理论来统一身心之间的关系、统一物理世界与理念世界。史蒂芬·平克通过引入演化心理学来发展心智计算理论,使其在理论上更加融贯、包容性更强。基于演化心理学的心智计算理论,自提出后遭遇到不少反对与诘难。平克通过对这些诘难的回应,进一步论证了该理论是一个解释力强、有广泛应用前景的理论。对平克基于演化心理学的心智计算理论给予批判性解读,将对于我国人文社会科学研究具有重要的理论启示。     

马克思主义新认识论与人工智能——人工智能不是威胁人类文明的科技之火

针对"人工智能是威胁人类文明的科技之火"等观点,学界有多种回应。本文基于马克思主义新认识论尝试论证:人工智能无法直接威胁人类文明,无法发展出超越人类的文明。马克思主义新认识论,是吸收默会知识理论等现代知识论成果的认识论。根据这一新认识论,可知:人工智能本质上是人造机器运用人类喂给它的知识,是人类已有明述知识的转移、利用;人工智能难以产生默会知识,也无法创造新的明述知识或命题性知识;人工智能的学习能力基于算法而不是社会交往。     

生态心理学概念为何会具有现象学特征

作为具身认知趋势的肇始,吉布森的直接知觉理论近年来受到认知科学的极大关注。该理论的基础是吉布森的生态心理学,它对当今人工智能领域有着极其重要的影响。然而,这样一个可以直接应用于人工智能的心理学理论,其中许多概念实际上却具有强调主观体验的现象学特征。文章通过对该理论中核心概念的分析,论证吉布森的生态心理学理论与现象学的理论目标具有很强的理论一致性,即反对知觉研究的二元论进路,强调知觉与行动的耦合性,并且十分重视行动者与环境目标物的实际行动交互。     

常识知识表示:通向"人工智能"的途径

人工智能的知识表示包括专业知识与常识知识。人类常识知识具有语境相关性的显著特征,人工智能要处理常识知识就必须对与知识相关的语境进行研究。以麦卡锡、莱纳特为代表,两条不同路线的人工智能学者致力于常识知识的形式化研究并取得一些进展,但是当前人工智能知识表示中依然存在大量未解的难题。本文认为,寻找解决常识知识形式化这一人工智能研究的重要问题的关键一方面需要人工智能研究思路的转变,另一方面则在于从各门相关学科中寻找新的解题理念。     

人工智能中计算主义的当前难题及转进策略

在莱布尼茨、丘奇和图灵等人所奠定的计算的数理理论的基础上,数字计算机诞生,1956年达特茅斯会议将其命名为人工智能。受逻辑与数学的影响,这一时期人工智能主要遵循计算主义的建构方法将认知看作符号计算,但这一做法遭到了强烈的哲学批判,随着日本第五代计算机计划的幻灭,计算主义彻底陷入低谷。事实上,计算主义以其符号表征和符号操纵的方式已然实现了对人的计算智能的建模。由于计算智能是人类智能的重要部分,因此构建强人工智能离不开计算主义。不过这些批判也说明了一个重要问题,即经典计算主义需要新方向、新发展。     

人工智能“伦理迷途”的回归与进路——基于荷兰学派“功能偶发性失常”分析的回答

随着人工智能的迅速发展,由于人类社会认知的不匹配,在伦理方面,就可能形成对人工智能的一种"伦理迷途",即在一定程度上引发了人们对人工智能的恐慌或者盲目崇拜。荷兰学派的威伯·霍克斯和彼得·弗玛斯通过对于"功能偶发性失常"的分析,提出技术人工物的功能失常是其功能和结构之间关系的一个普遍现象,反对人们对人工智能的恐惧或者盲目崇拜,进而对人工智能的功能认知提出了理论进路。即解决方案既要从技术人工物自身方面解决,也要从技术使用的不确定性等技术人工物的社会性方面去解决。     

科学推理:从贝耶斯主义的观点看

贝耶斯主义是上个世纪三、四十年代以来,对诸多学科如统计学、经济学、政治科学、决策论、心理学、认知科学、人工智能等产生过广泛影响的学术思想.近二十多年来,逐步发展成为一个一般性的科学推理理论,是目前科学方法论领域中一个重要的研究纲领.本文从三个方面对这一纲领进行概略性的介绍:贝耶斯主义的基本概念及其归纳理论框架;贝耶斯主义解决各种科学方法论问题的尝试和成果;贝耶斯主义纲领留下的有待争论和解决的问题.     

作为人工智能自我知识匹配模型的阐释性感觉理论

人工智能的兴起,激发了哲学家将人工智能与人类心智进行全方位的比较,但是鲜有学者思考过,一个人工智能系统,是否能够"认识它自己"。诊断这项阙漏的根源,为此提供正当性理由便是必要的。基于当下人工智能的发展水平和技术前景,表明人工智能原则上可以拥有关于自身信念、欲望和意图之类的命题态度的自我知识。从既有的关于人类自我知识的主流理论中,筛选出一个与人工智能相匹配的理论模型。该模型类似于卡鲁瑟斯的阐释性感觉理论,它也体现了卡萨姆所说的"实质性自我知识"的优势。     

脑科学与青少年学习方法的新探索

本文根据脑科学研究的历史发展，阐述了运用脑科学进行教育研究是人类开拓21世纪新天地的一个重要领域。论述了要达到培养创新人才，推进素质教育的目的，必须重视学生右脑功能的开发，提高形象思维能力，学习并运用脑科学与认知科学的知识探索适合青少年智力发展的新的学习方法。     

Embodied Anomaly Resolution in Molecular Genetics: A Case Study of RNAi

Scientific anomalies are observations and facts that contradict current scientific theories and they are instrumental in scientific theory change. Philosophers of science have approached scientific theory change from different perspectives as Darden (Theory change in science: Strategies from Mendelian genetics, 1991) observes: Lakatos (In: Lakatos, Musgrave (eds) Criticism and the growth of knowledge, 1970) approaches it as a progressive “research programmes” consisting of incremental improvements (“monster barring” in Lakatos, Proofs and refutations: The logic of mathematical discovery, 1976), Kuhn (The structure of scientific revolutions, 1996) observes that changes in “paradigms” are instigated by a crisis from some anomaly, and Hanson (In: Feigl, Maxwell (eds) Current issues in the philosophy of science, 1961) proposes that discovery does not begin with hypothesis but with some “problematic phenomena requiring explanation”. Even though anomalies are important in all of these approaches to scientific theory change, there have been only few investigations into the specific role anomalies play in scientific theory change. Furthermore, much of these approaches focus on the theories themselves and not on how the scientists and their experiments bring about scientific change (Gooding, Experiment and the making of meaning: Human agency in scientific observation and experiment, 1990). To address these issues, this paper approaches scientific anomaly resolution from a meaning construction point of view. Conceptual integration theory (Fauconnier and Turner, Cogn Sci 22:133–187, 1996; The way we think: Conceptual blending and mind’s hidden complexities, 2002) from cognitive linguistics describes how one constructs meaning from various stimuli, such as text and diagrams, through conceptual integration or blending. The conceptual integration networks that describe the conceptual integration process characterize cognition that occurs unconsciously during meaning construction. These same networks are used to describe some of the cognition while resolving an anomaly in molecular genetics called RNA interference (RNAi) in a case study. The RNAi case study is a cognitive-historical reconstruction (Nersessian, In: Giere (ed) Cognitive models of science, 1992) that reconstructs how the RNAi anomaly was resolved. This reconstruction traces four relevant molecular genetics publications in describing the cognition necessary in accounting for how RNAi was resolved through strategies (Darden 1991), abductive reasoning (Peirce, In: Hartshorne, Weiss (eds) Collected papers, 1958), and experimental reasoning (Gooding 1990). The results of the case study show that experiments play a crucial role in formulating an explanation of the RNAi anomaly and the integration networks describe the experiments’ role. Furthermore, these results suggest that RNAi anomaly resolution is embodied. It is embodied in a sense that cognition described in the cognitive-historical reconstruction is experientially based.

Spin and Wind Directions I: Identifying Entanglement in Nature and Cognition

We present a cognitive psychology experiment where participants were asked to select pairs of spatial directions that they considered to be the best example of Two different wind directions. Data are shown to violate the CHSH version of Bell’s inequality with the same magnitude as in typical Bell-test experiments with entangled spins. Wind directions thus appear to be conceptual entities connected through meaning, in human cognition, in a similar way as spins appear to be entangled in experiments conducted in physics laboratories. This is the first part of a two-part article. In the second part (Aerts et al. in Found Sci, 2017) we present a symmetrized version of the same experiment for which we provide a quantum modeling of the collected data in Hilbert space.     

左脑是计算的,右脑是几何的吗?——关于R·斯佩里“裂脑”研究引发的两个观点的质疑

数学认知不仅涉及认知神经科学研究,而且也关乎知识论的辨护。自R.斯佩里开展裂脑研究以来,关于人类大脑左半球是计算的(或数学的),右半球是几何的(或非数学的)的观点,似乎成为一种定论。然而,随着认知神经科学的充分发展和脑成像技术的广泛运用,人们愈来愈清楚地看到,这种划分和判断过于简单化了,同时缺乏可靠的实证材料的支撑,同时在一些概念上混淆不清。为此,依据最新的实验报告加以诠释,并从知识论的高度进行辨析,显然是十分必要的。     

Philosophical Issues and their Implications for the Systems Architect

Many system architects select their system methodologies without explicit consideration of the philosophical perspectives that impact their decisions. This paper describes how the concepts of ontology and epistemology apply in systems science. Ontology is how we specify terms of reference for existence, allowing us to understand the theory of existence via an ‘existence framework’. Epistemology, the theory of knowledge, allows us to explore new models and theories of knowledge acquisition so the best system-based methodologies can be deployed to solve complex system problems. After introducing these concepts, the paper presents system science issues and assesses the impact of ontological, axiological and epistemological perspectives on system methodology selection, research, system design and deployment. An ontological viewpoint such as realism, as an objective view is contrasted versus nationalism, a personal perceptional view. An epistemological viewpoint is explored comparing knowledge as a product of sensory perception or rational reflection. The paper’s significant contribution is that it helps system architects understand that their philosophical views of systems science impact their system methodology choices.     

Seeking Allies: Modelling How Listeners Choose Their Musical Friends

In this paper we describe in some detail a formal computer model of inferential discourse based on a belief system. The key issue is that a logical model in a computer, based on rational sets, can usefully model a human situation based on irrational sets. The background of this work is explained elsewhere, as is the issue of rational and irrational sets (Billinge and Addis, in: Magnani and Dossena (eds.), Computing, philosophy and cognition, 2004; Stepney et al., Journey: Non-classical philosophy—socially sensitive computing in journeys non-classical computation: A grand challenge for computing research, 2004). The model is based on the Belief System (Addis and Gooding, Proceedings of the AISB’99 Symposium on Scientific Creativity, 1999) and it provides a mechanism for choosing queries based on a range of belief. We explain how it provides a way to update the belief based on query results, thus modelling others’ experience by inference. We also demonstrate that for the same internal experience, different models can be built for different actors.

西方科学与人文精神发展的历史关系及其启示

从古希腊直到19世纪,西方理想人（性）的培养即人文精神的培养,有相当广泛的科学内容。其中的算术、几何、天文、音乐（和声学）是主要的和核心的科目。古希腊思想是在首先探寻自然知识的基础上,才有后来对“认识你自己”及其道德生活的诉求;中世纪中、后期对自然的研究及其相关的智力活动的兴起。推动学术和思想的复兴。才有文艺复兴和人文主义运动的发展。科学研究及其教育的实质是人的心智训练和科学精神的培养。它对于人文精神的培养是基础性的。     

皮尔士论知识的基础及其对当代知识论的启示

20世纪中叶开始,奎因、塞拉斯、戴维森等人对经验主义的攻击使得经验失去了证成知识的作用,威廉姆森倡导的"知识优先"论题将知识视为不可被进一步分析、拆解的单位,经验不再起到首要作用,这最终带来了知识和经验在当代知识论中的分裂问题.皮尔士关于知识基础的讨论蕴含了将经验视为限制和塑造知识的力量,以及将知识视为实际探究的起点这...     

库恩范式论在心理学中的反响与应用

库恩的范式论对心理学产生了极大的影响。许多心理学家应用范式论的观点解释心理学的发展。心理学家之所以对库恩的范式论感兴趣，是因为范式论在很大程度上是以心理学原理为基础的。在心理学家库恩热的背后，是对范式论的肤浅了解。     

巴甫洛夫学说的逻辑漏洞和理论假设的片面性——从伦理学和现代神经科学看巴甫洛夫学说的终结

巴甫洛夫创立了大脑高级神经活动学说。80多年来,该学说在哲学、生理学和心理学界产生了广泛的影响。人们已往对于该学说的批评经常被忘却或置之脑后,致使该学说一直畅行无阻地流行而没有得到认真地清算。笔者经过长期的研究和思考,认为巴氏学说在逻辑和理论前提上存在着严重的问题,即对于大脑高级神经活动基本机能的设想不仅是片面的,而且在逻辑上有严重的漏洞。