Cooling effect of ripped-stone embankments on Qing-Tibet railway under climatic warming

The heat convection in ballast mass and ripped-stone mass in railway embankments is the problem of heat convection in porous media. In order to calculate the temperature distribution of Qing-Tibet railway embankment, from the governing equations used to study forced convec-tion for incompressible fluids porous media, the finite ele-ment formulae for heat convection in porous media are de-rived by using Galerkin抯 method. The temperature fields of the traditional ballast embankment and the ripped-stone mass embankment, constructed on July 15, have been ana-lyzed and compared under the case that the air temperature in Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau will be warmed up by 2.0℃ in the future 50 years. The calculated results indicate that, the permafrost 5 m below the traditional ballast embankment will be thawed in the regions in which the air yearly-average temperature is larger than -3.5℃ or the yearly-average temperature at the native surface is larger than -1℃. The embankment will cause large thawing settlement. The rail-way embankment will be damaged by permafrost degrada-tion. The ripped-stone mass embankment can not only resist the effect of climatic warm up on it but also provide cool energy for the permafrost under it. It can assure permafrost stability and not subjected to thawing. Therefore, it is highly recommended that the ripped-stone mass embankment be taken as the Qing-Tibet railway embankment structure in high-temperature permafrost regions so that permafrost embankment can be protected as possible as we could.     

Analysis on Ground Temperature Changes and Thermal Effects of Duct-Ventilated Embankment of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway

1Preface TheStatekeyproject Ge’ermu LhasaSection ofQinghai TibetRailwayhasadistanceof550km runningoncontinuouspermafrostregions.Within thispart,permafrosthasthemostsignificant impactonthestabilityoftheroadbed.Thedouble effectsofglobalwarmingandtheconstructionof therailwaywillmakethepermafrostdegrade,causingthedesigningandconstructionofthe roadbedextremelydifficult[1].Thenaturalthermal regimesofpermafrostandgroundiceareimportant factorsthatwillaffectthestabilityofroadbed.Theselectionofroad…     

青藏铁路多年冻土区典型结构路基振动响应特性

在青藏高原的寒季和暖季条件下,对青藏铁路北麓河段的块石路基和素土路基进行了强震动测试,运用二维等价线性时程响应动分析法对2种典型结构路基进行了动力响应的数值计算.结果表明,从路肩到坡脚的机车荷载传递具有明显的衰减效应,并且暖季衰减大于寒季.在路基中心的原地表处,块石路基的振动衰减效应大于素土路基.     

青藏铁路五道梁地区冻土片石通风路基的气冷效果分析

以青藏铁路五道梁片石路基为研究实例,分析了片石层的工作原理,并与一般路基不同位置处的地温进行了比较,认为片石路基有利于保护冻土地温.在考虑空气对流作用的前提下,对五道梁片石路基进行了地温预测,结果表明,在预测前30年还能有效地保护冻土,而50年后其人为上限出现下凹形态.     

Permafrost changes and engineering stability in Qinghai-Xizang Plateau

Climate change and engineering activities are the leading causes of permafrost temperature increase,active layer thickening,and ground-ice thaw,which trigger changes in the engineering stability of embankments.Based on the important research advances on permafrost changes and frozen soil engineering in Qinghai-Xizang Plateau,the changes in permafrost temperature and active layer thickness,their relationships with climate factors,the response process of engineering activities on permafrost,dynamic change of engineering stability of Qinghai-Xizang Railway,and the cooling mechanism and process of crushed-rock layers are discussed using the monitoring data of permafrost and embankment deformation.Finally,solutions to the key scientific problems of frozen soil engineering under climate change are proposed.     

青藏铁路运营期间冻土路基裂缝问题研究

运营期青藏铁路冻土区路基工程最值得关注的变化是不同部位裂缝的发生和发展以及对线路安全运行的影响.通过对不同时期青藏铁路多年冻土区路基工程裂缝发生发展影响因素的分析,认为冻土区路基工程基底地温场的不对称以及基底土体冻融过程不同步是路基工程变形裂缝发生的主要原因,路基坡脚和周围冻土水热环境变化是裂缝发展的拉动力,路基填料性质也是不容忽略的因素;根据运营期间冻土路基热状态和工程状态分析,对运营期青藏铁路冻土路基工程状态进行了初步评价,并提出了减少或消除地温场的不对称及保护路基坡脚冻土环境,从而抑制冻土路基裂缝的工程对策.     

Heat transfer process of roadway embankments with different type and width of road surface in permafrost regions

The stability of roadbed in permafrost areas has become a big concern with rapid development and construction of throughways, highways and railways in these areas under the current climate change since it is governed by the thermal condition, or in other words, the heat transfer process in the embankment. We carried out a finite element analysis to analyze the effects of different types of road surface and the effect of breadth of embankment on the embankment heat transfer process. The results indicated that the mean annual heat transfer rate at the bottom of the roadway embankment with asphalt surfaces is 3 times that with sandy gravel surfaces. This means annual heat transfer rate increased by 60% when the breadth of asphalt surface was doubled. The increased heat transfer rate was mainly located at the bottom of the embankment and resulted in the effect of thermal concentration,. leading to degradation of the permafrost by as much as 1.6 times. It was also found that increasing embankment height would not reduce these increases of the heat transfer rate. Therefore both asphalt road surface and increased embankment breadth can lead to an intensified heat transfer rate in roadway embankment, consequently degradating the underlying permafrost and embankment instability.     

Heat transfer process of roadway embankments with different type and width of road surface in permafrost regions

The stability of roadbed in permafrost areas has become a big concern with rapid development and construction of throughways, highways and railways in these areas under the current climate change since it is governed by the thermal condition, or in other words, the heat transfer process in the embankment. We carried out a finite element analysis to analyze the effects of different types of road surface and the effect of breadth of embankment on the embankment heat transfer process. The results indicated that the mean annual heat transfer rate at the bottom of the roadway embankment with asphalt surfaces is 3 times that with sandy gravel surfaces. This means annual heat transfer rate increased by 60% when the breadth of asphalt surface was doubled. The increased heat transfer rate was mainly located at the bottom of the embankment and resulted in the effect of thermal concentration,. leading to degradation of the permafrost by as much as 1.6 times. It was also found that increasing embankment height would not reduce these increases of the heat transfer rate. Therefore both asphalt road surface and increased embankment breadth can lead to an intensified heat transfer rate in roadway embankment, consequently degradating the underlying permafrost and embankment instability.     

青藏高原多年冻土区铁路路桥过渡段温度场三维数值分析

 基于过渡段相变三维传热分析模型,对未来30 年路桥过渡段温度场进行分析与预测,研究了过渡段阴阳坡时空效应对路桥过渡段长期热稳定性的影响。计算结果表明：随着路桥过渡段运营时间的增长,各纵断面最大融化深度部位逐渐由过渡段转移到台背后路基,各横断面最大融深及最大融化速率位置均由阳坡坡脚转移到路基中心与阳坡路肩之间,相同运营时间,沿台背方向阴坡坡脚冻土上限变化并不明显;随着运营时间的增长,各横断面阳坡坡脚融化速率均大于天然冻土地基融化速率;各横断面除阳坡坡脚的其余部位在运营25 年以前,人为上限退化率基本小于天然冻土上限,运营25 年后,人为上限退化率逐渐大于天然冻土上限。     

Calculation theories and analysis methods of thermodynamic stability of embankment engineering in cold regions

The calculation theories and analysis methods of thermodynamic stability of embankment engineering in cold regions are systematically summarized.The engineering theories and methods taken to control frost heave and thaw settlement in seasonal frozen soil regions may not be applicable in permafrost regions.The active cooling technology of roadbed should be utilized to limit the effects caused by both climate changes and human engineering activities.The paper mainly discussed the calculation theories and analysis methods of four kinds of embankment structures,i.e.,the crushed-rock embankment,duct-ventilated embankment,thermosyphon embankment,and composite embankment.It is expected that a scientific basis could be provided for the theory,design,and application of embankment constructions in cold regions.     

管袋堤坝在水流作用下的稳定性模型试验

通过水流作用下管袋堤坝的稳定性模型试验,对边坡坡比、坝高对管袋堤坝稳定性的影响进行了研究.试验结果表明:随着边坡坡比的增大,其所对应的临界作用流速、临界坝顶水深及临界垂线平均流速均有增大的趋势;随着堤体坝高的增加,其所对应的临界作用流速、临界坝顶水深及临界垂线平均流速均有减小的趋势.在试验结果的基础上分析了水流作用下管袋堤坝的稳定公式.分析结果表明:随着边坡坡比的增大,管袋堤坝的稳定性有所提高;管袋堤坝坝高的增加却导致了其过水稳定性的降低.     

保护冻土的保温原理

在多年冻土地区修筑路堤、设置保温层是保护路堤下多年冻土上限不变甚至上升的隔热保温方法，其保温效果取决于隔热层对下部多年冻土年平均地温和温度较差的改变状况，作者阐述了保温方法的工作原理，并依据该原理探讨了最小路堤高度和最大路堤高度存在的可能性及其适用范围，北麓河试验场的观测资料较好地验证了理论探讨。     

边坡渗流对冻土地区路基稳定性的影响分析

利用数值模拟方法,分析了在多年冻土地区修筑路堤后,夏季路式边坡积水通过路堤及在其下土壤的渗流过程中,由于对流换热所引起的路堤基底的不稳定现象。通过计算机数值模拟进一步证实,夏季路基边坡积水可导致路基基底之下的多年冻土上限下降,并使路基下形成凹型融化核或扩大已有融化核的深度和范围,从而加大路堤的融化下沉量和冬季的冻胀量,造成路基稳定性程度明显下降。     

通道自然对流热阻力的数值研究

从热过程对流动过程影响的角度出发 ,运用通道自然对流的基本控制方程 ,用数值方法研究了流体流动的热阻力现象。结论表明 :对于窄通道自然对流 ,由于热阻力的存在 ,考虑物性变化对流动特性的影响是十分关键的。     

连续降雨条件下粗粒土路堤边坡安全系数变化规律

结合工程实际情况及当地气象资料,采用饱和-非饱和渗流理论,对广西六河高速公路某路堤边坡安全系数变化规律进行数值模拟,研究边坡在连续降雨条件下的稳定性,以此来指导路堤边坡坡比设计。研究结果表明,降雨入渗引起路堤边坡坡面以下水位线大幅上升,而对路堤中部地下水位线影响较小;边坡安全系数受边坡坡比、初始地下水位线等因素的影响,在连续降雨条件下,路堤边坡安全系数随边坡坡比的增大而减小,随初始水位线的下降而增大。在进行不同地区的路堤边坡坡比设计时,应结合当地初始地下水位线及实际降雨情况,选择合适的边坡坡比。     

基于Matlab软件修正稳态法测定非良导体热导率实验的误差

根据自然对流换热理论,利用Matlab软件计算了待测样品侧面散热损失,对非良导体热导率的计算公式进行了修正；并且利用Matlab软件合理拟合了散热盘的冷却速率.结果表明这两个方面的修正提高了实验数据处理的准确度,得到了更加准确的非良导体的热导率.     

青藏高原多年冻土区路基温度场数值模拟

根据青藏公路沿线近30年的气象资料，考虑太阳辐射、气温、风速、风向、蒸发等第二类、第三类边界条件，结合路线走向、路基高度、路面类型状况，对青藏公路五道梁地区路基温度场进行有限元分析。经验证，计算结果与路基温度场实测资料基本一致。有限元分析表明，在年周期内路基边界处的温度仍然可按正弦曲线较好地加以拟合；路线走向对冻土路基温度场的对称性有着重要影响，东西走向路基阴阳坡效应最为显著，南北走向路基的温度场基本对称；当路基存在坡向差异时，其阴阳坡效应的强弱与季节密切相关，夏季较弱，冬季较强。     

带加强节点土工格栅加筋路堤动力响应的颗粒流分析

采用基于离散元理论的颗粒流软件建立了路堤二维数值模型,研究了交通荷载下无筋路堤、普通土工格栅加筋和带加强节点土工格栅加筋路堤的不同动力响应.通过比较不同工况的位移矢量图和颗粒接触力分布情况,发现由于加强节点的存在,带加强节点的土工格栅比普通土工格栅能更有效地减少路堤顶部的累积沉降,限制边坡的隆起;相比无筋路堤,加筋路堤的加载板正下方颗粒接触力集中形成柱状承载结构,能够有效地将上部荷载均匀传递给下部土体.     

路基冻结过程中温度场对变形场的影响

为了研究冻土路基温度场及变形场的动态变化规律，基于伴有相变的路基非稳态温度场控制方程和冻土路基变形场二维数值计算模型，对冬季冻土路基温度场和变形场进行了计算分析，得出路基深层土中的温度变化滞后于表层土和气温；对于冻胀冰锋线分布较广的路基，其破坏易在坡脚处产生；冻胀冰锋线分布范围较小的路基，破坏大致发生在竖向位移较大的路基中部。结果表明，冻胀冰锋线的范围是影响路基变形场的重要因素。     

热力交互作用下冻土路基融化沉降分析

基于大变形融化固结理论建立了多路基结构相互作用融化沉降数值模拟平台,并研究了公路和铁路路基不同相邻间距条件下的融化沉降规律.通过分析计算结果表明,过近的路基相邻间距会加速下覆冻土层的融化.随着相邻间距的增加,两种路基间热学场的影响将逐渐减弱.对于相邻间距较近的情况,路基变形场相对于路基中心的不对称性随时间持续增大.随着路基相邻间距的增大,变形场的不对称性发展逐渐减弱.根据本文的计算算例,当两种路基间距大于20m时,不同路基间的热学和力学场之间将不会产生显著的相互叠加影响.因此,建议在多年冻土区构筑物密集修建地区,构筑物间的安全修筑距离应大于20m.