单油酸甘油酯的合成工艺研究

甘油与丙酮反应制得异丙又甘油,减压蒸馏后,对产物进行了IR,^1HNMR表征。异丙叉甘油与油酸反应合成了单油酸甘油酯,并通过正交实验优化了酯化反应条件。结果表明,以3％油酸质量分数的对甲苯磺酸为催化剂,在n（异丙又甘油）：n（油酸）=1：3：1,带水剂甲苯用量为理论产水量的10倍,酯化反应7h的条件下,酯化反应油酸转化率最高达98．5％。     

对甲苯磺酸催化合成油酸乙酯

以对甲苯磺酸作催化剂,油酸和无水乙醇为原料,合成油酸乙酯。考察了油酸与乙醇物质的量比、催化剂用量、反应时间及带水剂用量对酯化率的影响。结果表明：对甲苯磺酸对合成油酸乙酯具有良好的催化活性,合成的优化条件为：酸醇物质的量比为1：3,催化剂用量占原料总质量的1.2%,环己烷15ml,回流反应2小时,酯化率可达到92.6%。     

对甲苯磺酸催化微波合成月桂酸甲酯的工艺优化

采用微波辐射加热方法,以对甲苯磺酸为催化剂合成月桂酸甲酯,考察酯化反应条件对产物收率的影响.实验结果表明,反应物甲醇、月桂酸和催化剂的投料摩尔比为n(甲醇)∶n(月桂酸)∶n(催化剂)为20∶1∶0.25,微波功率195W(30%),回流反应70min,酯化收率可达80%.产物用红外光谱,折光率进行了表征.     

季戊四醇四甲基丙烯酸酯的制备及表征

采用直接酯化法合成了季戊四醇四甲基丙烯酸酯,通过研究影响该酯化反应的几个因素,确定了最佳反应条件:n(季戊四醇)∶n(甲基丙烯酸)=1∶8,以对甲基苯磺酸为催化剂,N,N-二环己基碳酰亚胺为脱水剂,对苯二酚为阻聚剂,它们分别占醇酸总质量的6.0%,1.0%,2.0%,反应温度80~90℃,反应时间8 h.该方法抛弃了传统酯化反应中以毒性较大的苯或甲苯为带水剂的合成方法,基本实现了毒性小、对环保有利的合成方法.     

丙烯酸丁酯最佳反应条件的选择

以丙烯酸、正丁醇为原料,对甲苯磺酸为催化剂合成丙烯酸丁酯,通过生产实践探讨各工艺参数对酯化反应的影响,得出了最佳工艺条件:n(丙烯酸)/n(正丁醇)=1∶1.16,反应温度为97.5℃,第一酯化反应器压力为47kPa、第二酯化反应器压力为32kPa,催化剂加入量为30kg/h,结果表明,丙烯酸转化率可达到98.4%以上,副产物(BPB)含量小于3%。     

丙酮保护法合成单硬脂酸甘油酯研究

以甘油、硬脂酸为原料,对甲苯磺酸为催化剂,丙酮为基团保护剂,氯仿为带水剂,采用基团保护法合成单硬脂酸甘油酯。进而考察了反应物摩尔比、反应温度、反应时间、催化剂用量等对产物产率的影响,确定了最佳反应条件。研究发现,最佳合成条件为:n(甘油)∶n(丙酮)∶n(硬脂酸)=1.25∶2.5∶1(摩尔比),缩合反应温度为80℃、时间为3h、催化剂用量为硬脂酸摩尔数的2.5%,酯化反应温度为140℃、时间为4h、催化剂的用量为硬脂酸摩尔数的2.5%;在此条件下,单硬脂酸甘油酯的产率最高可达96.42%。     

长链B酸离子液体催化油酸酯化制备生物柴油

为了寻找制备生物柴油过程中能有效降低高酸价油脂酸值的绿色催化剂,采用2步法制备了带表面活性的长链B酸离子液体(IL)N,N-二甲基-N-(3-磺酸丙基)十二烷铵对甲苯磺酸盐[n-DodecMe2N-PS][PTSA]),利用FT-IR,1 H NMR,13C NMR,UV/vis和TGA对该新型离子液体结构进行了表征.利用Hammett方法测定了离子液体的酸度函数值.将其用于催化油酸酯化制备生物柴油,结果表明:该长链B酸离子液体具有较高的催化活性.在n(甲醇)∶n(油酸)∶n(催化剂)为1.5∶1∶0.1,60℃,反应3h条件下催化油酸酯化反应,油酸甲酯产率达96.5%.反应结束后离子液体与酯化产物分为两相,产物易于分离,该离子液体重复利用9次,催化活性没有明显降低.因此,长链离子液体可作为利用低价油脂(如地沟油)制备生物柴油的高效绿色催化剂.     

固体超强酸SO~(2-)_4/SnO_2催化合成顺丁烯二酸二异辛酯

以顺丁烯二酸酐和异辛醇为原料,用一种高活性的固体超强酸S O24-/SnO 2催化剂催化合成了顺丁烯二酸二异辛酯,研究了酯化反应的优化条件。当n(异辛醇):n(顺丁烯二酸酐)为2.8:1;催化剂用量为酐质量的1.0%时,反应时间120 min,反应温度145℃,顺丁烯二酸二异辛酯的收率达到98.7%。同时对用H2SO4和对甲苯磺酸催化该反应作了比较。     

丙烯酸十八酯的合成

以丙烯酸和十八醇为原料 ,由酯化反应合成丙烯酸十八酯。研究了丙烯酸与十八醇的摩尔比、催化剂和阻聚剂的用量、反应温度及反应时间对反应的影响。由实验得出的最佳合成条件是 :丙烯酸与十八醇的摩尔比为 1.2 ,对甲苯磺酸、对苯二酚的用量 (质量分数 )分别为 1.0 %和 0 .8% ,反应温度为 12 0℃ ,反应时间为 8h。在此反应条件下 ,酯化产率可达 98%。其酯化产物的熔点、元素分析、红外光谱及核磁共振分析证明所得产物为丙烯酸十八酯     

离子液体[BSMim]HSO4催化合成油酸甲酯的研究

制备了一种对水稳定的磺酸功能化咪唑离子液体1-甲基-3-丁磺酸基咪唑硫酸氢盐([BSMim]HSO4),并以其作为催化剂催化油酸酯化合成油酸甲酯。离子液体表现出良好的催化活性及稳定性。通过单因素实验确定最佳反应条件为:离子液体[BSMim]HSO4催化剂用量为油酸质量的20%,n(甲醇):n(油酸)=3∶1、反应温度75℃、反应时间4h,酯化率达85.3%以上,此外离子液体还具有稳定性好、可循环使用等特点。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.