基因芯片技术在环境微生物分子生态学研究中的应用

基因芯片技术是20世纪90年代发展起来的一门高新技术,其作为不依赖于微生物培养、高通量和高灵敏度的新技术在环境微生物分子生态学研究中得到广泛的应用。环境微生物生态学研究主要包括环境中微生物的种类、数量、功能、动态变化规律以及环境因子、微生物种群和数量对微生物及环境的影响。探讨了基因芯片技术在微生物群落和多样性、微生物功能基因以及微生物群落动态变化和相互作用关系等环境微生物分子生态学研究中的应用。     

黔中地区连栽马尾松林对土壤微生物的影响

通过采用微生物培养法和土壤微生物生化活性实验法,测定连栽马尾松林地中细菌、放线菌和真菌三大类微生物数量、微生物生化活性以及酶活性,探讨在相似立地条件下,一、二代马尾松林土壤微生物数量、微生物生化活性和土壤酶活性的变化状况。结果表明,二代马尾松林土壤微生物数量、微生物生物量碳强度、呼吸作用强度、硝化作用强度、蔗糖酶以及过氧化氢酶活性均高于一代马尾松林。     

微生物驱油数学模型

根据微生物生长动力学 ,建立了微生物生长、基质消耗和代谢产物生成方程。在考虑菌体、基质、产物扩散和吸附的基础上 ,用物质平衡方法建立了菌体、基质和产物的运移方程。以多孔介质的毛细管模型为基础 ,建立了由于微生物吸附引起的孔隙度和渗透率变化方程。考虑到微生物作用对流体性质的影响 ,建立了油、水粘度和油、气、水毛管力方程。根据黑油模型建立了三维、三相、多组分基质与产物的微生物驱油数学模型。计算结果表明 ,所建模型能较好地计算出微生物生长曲线、代谢曲线、基质消耗曲线和微生物运移浓度曲线 ,与实验值有较好的一致性。这些模型综合考虑了微生物的生化特性、微生物作用对岩石、流体性质的影响以及油、气、水的渗流规律 ,是一个比较完整的微生物驱油数学模型。     

微生物肥料发展及作用机理综述

微生物肥料是一种具有特定功能的微生物活体制品,应用于农业生产,通过其中含微生物的生命活动,增加植物养分的供应量、促进植物生长、提高产量、改善农产品品质及农业生态环境。微生物肥料对改善化肥过量施用造成的土壤质地恶化、微生态环境失衡和农产品品质问题具有重要作用。本文就微生物肥料的发展历程及作用机理进行综述,总结了微生物肥料中功能微生物通过在土壤、植物根部定殖,对改变土壤微生物多样性、改善土壤中养分供应状况、释放植物促生长激素、提高土壤酶活性、增强植物系统抗性等方面的作用。分析了目前微生物肥料产业存在的问题,并对其发展方向进行展望,以期为我国微生物肥料的合理应用及产业发展提供依据和参考。     

四川盆地深层微生物碳酸盐岩储层特征及其油气勘探前景

微生物碳酸盐岩是油气勘探储层的新类型。四川盆地微生物碳酸盐岩储层主要发育在上震旦统灯影组和中三叠统雷口坡组。灯影组微生物碳酸盐岩储层主要发育在灯二段和灯四段。灯影组微生物碳酸盐岩遍布全盆,岩石结构具有全盆地相似性,灯二段以凝块石和葡萄石为主,灯四段以纹层石和叠层石为主。灯二段储集空间主要为喀斯特孔洞、葡萄-花边状孔洞、微生物体腔孔、微生物格架间孔和凝块间溶孔,灯四段则以窗格孔和喀斯特孔洞为主。灯影组微生物碳酸盐岩优质储层形成的主控因素是微生物席、白云石化和风化壳喀斯特作用。雷口坡组微生物碳酸盐岩主要分布在川西地区的雷四段,主要为叠层石和凝块石,储集空间主要为微生物窗格孔和格架孔。雷口坡组微生物碳酸盐岩优质储层形成的主控因素是微生物礁滩（微生物席）、白云石化和埋藏溶蚀作用。目前,在灯影组和雷四段微生物碳酸盐岩储层均已发现大型气田,并具有非常广阔的勘探前景。四川盆地西部中北段是深层－超深层海相领域油气勘探的最有利地区之一。     

纳米材料对水中病原微生物的控制研究进展

 近年来,水资源的微生物安全性逐渐引起关注,传统的消毒技术（如氯消毒、紫外消毒）已不能满足社会发展的需求,纳米材料的迅速发展为水中病原微生物控制技术的革新提供了良机。本文综述了近年来利用零价金属纳米材料（如银、铁）、金属氧化物纳米材料（如二氧化钛）和碳基纳米材料（如碳纳米管）等纳米材料控制水中病原微生物的研究现状,分析了纳米材料去除水中病原微生物的机理,从纳米材料自身特性（如尺寸、化学组成、化学结构和表面修饰等）、微生物（如微生物种类、微生物初始浓度等）和环境条件（如pH值、溶解氧等）3个方面阐述了影响纳米材料去除水中病原微生物的主要因素,指出了纳米材料在去除病原微生物的应用中存在的问题,展望了纳米材料在水中病原微生物去除方面的发展方向。     

分子生物学技术在环境微生物研究中的应用

介绍了在环境微生物研究中的分子生物学技术,如核酸探针技术、聚合酶链式反应技术、电泳分离技术、基因重组及基因芯片技术等以及这些相关技术在环境微生物分类、环境微生物监测和环境微生物治理污染中的应用。结果表明,分子生物学技术在研究环境微生物中发挥了重要作用。     

微生物采油产量预测模型

在分析微生物采油机理及微生物作用前后渗流阻力变化的基础上 ,建立了微生物吞吐和微生物驱油的产油量、产液量、增油量和含水率变化的数学模型。该模型简单应用微生物与原油作用前后粘度及相对渗透率的变化数据和微生物处理前区块 (油井 )的生产数据 ,即可预测出利用微生物采油时的采油量、增油量和含水率。应用实例表明 ,所建模型的预测结果与实际结果有很高的一致性。     

微生物絮凝剂的现状及在水处理中的应用

综述了微生物絮凝剂的研究发展、微生物絮凝剂产生菌、微生物絮凝的机理及其在水处理中的应用,并预示了今后微生物絮凝剂领域的研究将出现的重点。     

添加豆科植物对弃耕地土壤养分和微生物量的影响

研究了中国黄土高原地区人工添加豆科植物(紫花苜蓿、草木樨和沙打旺)后,弃耕地养分特征和微生物量的变化.结果表明:添加豆科植物后,土壤有机碳、全氮和微生物量碳氮的质量分数明显增加.此外,土壤全氮与土壤有机碳、土壤微生物氮之间显著正相关,微生物量碳氮比和微生物商之间显著正相关,土壤微生物量碳既和微生物碳氮比之间显著正相关,又和微生物商之间显著正相关.从短时间来看,在弃耕地演替早期添加豆科植物,能够增加土壤有机碳、全氮和微生物量,提高土壤肥力,从而加速演替进程.     

Mitigation of greenhouse gases released from mining activities: A review

Climate changes that occur as a result of global warming caused by increasing amounts of greenhouse gases(GHGs)released into the atmosphere are an alarming issue.Controlling greenhouse gas emissions is critically important for the current and future status of mining activities.The mining industry is one of the significant contributors of greenhouse gases.In essence,anthropogenic greenhouse gases are emitted directly during the actual mining and indirectly released by the energy-intensive activities associated with mining equipment,ore transport,and the processing industry.Therefore,we reviewed both direct and indirect GHG emissions to analyze how mining contributes to climate change.In addition,we showed how climate change impacts mineral production.This assessment was performed using a GHG inventory model for the gases released from mines undergoing different product life cycles.We also elucidate the key issues and various research outcomes to demonstrate how the mining industry and policymakers can mitigate GHG emission from the mining sector.The review concludes with an overview of GHG release reduction and mitigation strategies.     

Mitigation of greenhouse gases released from mining activities: A review

Climate changes that occur as a result of global warming caused by increasing amounts of greenhouse gases(GHGs) released into the atmosphere are an alarming issue.Controlling greenhouse gas emissions is critically important for the current and future status of mining activities.The mining industry is one of the significant contributors of greenhouse gases.In essence, anthropogenic greenhouse gases are emitted directly during the actual mining and indirectly released by the energy-intensive activities associated with mining equipment, ore transport,and the processing industry.Therefore, we reviewed both direct and indirect GHG emissions to analyze how mining contributes to climate change.In addition, we showed how climate change impacts mineral production.This assessment was performed using a GHG inventory model for the gases released from mines undergoing different product life cycles.We also elucidate the key issues and various research outcomes to demonstrate how the mining industry and policymakers can mitigate GHG emission from the mining sector.The review concludes with an overview of GHG release reduction and mitigation strategies.     

碳捕获与封存技术专利分析

碳捕获与封存（CCS）是在不需要降低化石燃料使用量的情况下,减少温室气体排入大气的一种手段。为了达到这种效果,必须使用技术从排放气体中分离和捕获二氧化碳,并把二氧化碳转化为甲醇等资源或者把二氧化碳封存到地质沉积物中。随着温室气体排放与气候变暖问题的加剧,国际上对CCS技术的关注日益加强,这也反映在专利申请的发展趋势上。利用Thomson Data Analyzer分析工具和Aureka分析平台对Derwent Innovations Index（DII）专利文献进行分析,表明CCS专利主要涉及化学、工程、仪器、能源与燃料、高分子科学等学科领域。CCS技术经历了起步阶段、波动增长阶段和快速增长阶段。DII收录的CCS专利主要来自日本、美国、德国、中国、法国等。各国研究的重点有所不同,德国用催化剂从废气等中脱除氮氧化物的比例比其他国家高,法国通过液化或固化分离气体的比例较高,荷兰一般化合碳方面所占比例高。最近3Af-加拿大、中国、韩国申请专利的数量增长速度最快,表明这些国家近期在该技术领域创新比较活跃。对CCS技术的关注在今后一段时间内将持续上升,我国需继续支持该领域的研发创新工作。     

Seawater subduction controls the heavy noble gas composition of the mantle

The relationship between solar volatiles and those now in the Earth's atmosphere and mantle reservoirs provides insight into the processes controlling the acquisition of volatiles during planetary accretion and their subsequent evolution. Whereas the light noble gases (helium and neon) in the Earth's mantle preserve a solar-like isotopic composition, heavy noble gases (argon, krypton and xenon) have an isotopic composition very similar to that of the modern atmosphere, with radiogenic and (in the case of xenon) solar contributions. Mantle noble gases in a magmatic CO2 natural gas field have been previously corrected for shallow atmosphere/groundwater and crustal additions. Here we analyse new data from this field and show that the elemental composition of non-radiogenic heavy noble gases in the mantle is remarkably similar to that of sea water. We challenge the popular concept of a noble gas 'subduction barrier'--the convecting mantle noble gas isotopic and elemental composition is explained by subduction of sediment and seawater-dominated pore fluids. This accounts for approximately 100% of the non-radiogenic argon and krypton and 80% of the xenon. Approximately 50% of the convecting mantle water concentration can then be explained by this mechanism. Enhanced recycling of subducted material to the mantle plume source region then accounts for the lower ratio of radiogenic to non-radiogenic heavy noble gas isotopes and higher water content of plume-derived basalts.     

CO_2减排技术研究进展

因燃烧化石燃料而排放的温室气体所导致的环境问题已经成为全球性问题。在这些温室气体中,CO2所占的比例最高。与此同时,CO2在化学工业中有很大的用途。因此,从烟气中分离CO2并将其资源化利用具有十分重要的意义。本文从燃料的前期处理、CO2的分离和捕集、后期封存及其资源化利用三个方面介绍了CO2减排及其资源化利用的途径和方法,并对各减排方法进行了分析和比较,总结了各方法的优劣性及其适用范围,对CO2减排技术的发展前景和面临的挑战进行了展望。     

Volcanically emitted sodium chloride as a source for Io's neutral clouds and plasma torus

The atmosphere of Jupiter's satellite Io is extremely tenuous, time variable and spatially heterogeneous. Only a few molecules--SO2, SO and S2--have previously been identified as constituents of this atmosphere, and possible sources include frost sublimation, surface sputtering and active volcanism. Io has been known for almost 30 years to be surrounded by a cloud of Na, which requires an as yet unidentified atmospheric source of sodium. Sodium chloride has been recently proposed as an important atmospheric constituent, based on the detection of chlorine in Io's plasma torus and models of Io's volcanic gases. Here we report the detection of NaCl in Io's atmosphere; it constitutes only approximately 0.3% when averaged over the entire disk, but is probably restricted to smaller regions than SO2 because of its rapid photolysis and surface condensation. Although the inferred abundance of NaCl in volcanic gases is lower than predicted, those volcanic emissions provide an important source of Na and Cl in Io's neutral clouds and plasma torus.     

The impact of ocean warming on marine organisms

Since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution during the late eighteenth to the early nineteenth centuries, there has been rapidly increasing release of greenhouse gases, notably CO₂, into the atmosphere. As a consequence of this atmospheric change, the Earth’s average surface temperature has increased by approximately 0.6 °C over the last 100 years. The rate of release of greenhouse gases continues to increase, and global surface temperature rose by approximately 0.2 °C per decade in the last 30 years, a rate that is greater than at any other time during the last 1,000 years. The wide-ranging effects of these increases in greenhouse gases and temperature on the biosphere are subject to intense scientific study. Much has been learned, but much more needs to be elucidated, if we are to predict how terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems will be affected by global change. This brief review focuses on the marine environment and offers a concise summary of some of the important advances in our knowledge about the impacts of global change, including physical and chemical changes of the ocean, as well as the impact of ocean warming on marine organisms. Our analysis also points out areas where critical new information is needed if we are to predict the future of marine ecosystems in a warming world with accuracy.     

Atmospheric oxygenation caused by a change in volcanic degassing pressure

The Precambrian history of our planet is marked by two major events: a pulse of continental crust formation at the end of the Archaean eon and a weak oxygenation of the atmosphere (the Great Oxidation Event) that followed, at 2.45?billion years ago. This oxygenation has been linked to the emergence of oxygenic cyanobacteria and to changes in the compositions of volcanic gases, but not to the composition of erupting lavas--geochemical constraints indicate that the oxidation state of basalts and their mantle sources has remained constant since 3.5?billion years ago. Here we propose that a decrease in the average pressure of volcanic degassing changed the oxidation state of sulphur in volcanic gases, initiating the modern biogeochemical sulphur cycle and triggering atmospheric oxygenation. Using thermodynamic calculations simulating gas-melt equilibria in erupting magmas, we suggest that mostly submarine Archaean volcanoes produced gases with SO(2)/H(2)S?相似文献   

气体红外激光光声光谱的研究

本文对气体红外激光光声光谱的理论进行探讨,并以分子运动论的物理模型对气体光声信号进行推导。为了提高气体光声系统灵敏度,设计了亥姆霍兹共振光声池,并作了实验验证,其实验数据与理论值基本相符。对乙烯、苯、甲醇、二氯甲烷、氨等微量气体进行了实验检测,得到了它们的光声光谱。实验结果证明,我们建立的气体红外激光光声光谱装置,可对痕量气体进行检测。为大气污染的检测提供了一种先进的高灵敏而又可靠的检测方法。     

Increased marine production of N2O due to intensifying anoxia on the Indian continental shelf

Eutrophication of surface waters and hypoxia in bottom waters has been increasing in many coastal areas, leading to very large depletions of marine life in the affected regions. These areas of high surface productivity and low bottom-water oxygen concentration are caused by increasing runoff of nutrients from land. Although the local ecological and socio-economic effects have received much attention, the potential contribution of increasing hypoxia to global-change phenomena is unknown. Here we report the intensification of one of the largest low-oxygen zones in the ocean, which develops naturally over the western Indian continental shelf during late summer and autumn. We also report the highest accumulations yet observed of hydrogen sulphide (H2S) and nitrous oxide (N2O) in open coastal waters. Increased N2O production is probably caused by the addition of anthropogenic nitrate and its subsequent denitrification, which is favoured by hypoxic conditions. We suggest that a global expansion of hypoxic zones may lead to an increase in marine production and emission of N2O, which, as a potent greenhouse gas, could contribute significantly to the accumulation of radiatively active trace gases in the atmosphere.