Mitigation of greenhouse gases released from mining activities: A review

Climate changes that occur as a result of global warming caused by increasing amounts of greenhouse gases(GHGs)released into the atmosphere are an alarming issue.Controlling greenhouse gas emissions is critically important for the current and future status of mining activities.The mining industry is one of the significant contributors of greenhouse gases.In essence,anthropogenic greenhouse gases are emitted directly during the actual mining and indirectly released by the energy-intensive activities associated with mining equipment,ore transport,and the processing industry.Therefore,we reviewed both direct and indirect GHG emissions to analyze how mining contributes to climate change.In addition,we showed how climate change impacts mineral production.This assessment was performed using a GHG inventory model for the gases released from mines undergoing different product life cycles.We also elucidate the key issues and various research outcomes to demonstrate how the mining industry and policymakers can mitigate GHG emission from the mining sector.The review concludes with an overview of GHG release reduction and mitigation strategies.     

污水处理厂温室气体排放评估

大气中温室气体(GHG)浓度的上升导致全球气候变化,其中,污水处理厂GHG的排放不容忽视。我国污水处理厂的数量及处理能力逐年攀升,针对污水处理厂GHG排放的研究具有重要意义。该文将污水处理厂GHG排放源划分为直接排放部分、能耗部分、物耗部分及其他部分,提出每部分相应的GHG排放折算因子,构建了相应的评价体系,以指导污水处理厂的低碳运行。利用该评价体系评估了北方一座污水处理厂的全厂GHG排放特征和机制,并对沼气回收前后的排放情况进行比较。结果表明,该厂CO2排放量为5.68×105 kg/d。其中直接排放占排放总量的60%以上;通过沼气产能回收可大量降低GHG排放。     

Non-CO2 greenhouse gases and climate change

Earth's climate is warming as a result of anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide (CO(2)) from fossil fuel combustion. Anthropogenic emissions of non-CO(2) greenhouse gases, such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone-depleting substances (largely from sources other than fossil fuels), also contribute significantly to warming. Some non-CO(2) greenhouse gases have much shorter lifetimes than CO(2), so reducing their emissions offers an additional opportunity to lessen future climate change. Although it is clear that sustainably reducing the warming influence of greenhouse gases will be possible only with substantial cuts in emissions of CO(2), reducing non-CO(2) greenhouse gas emissions would be a relatively quick way of contributing to this goal.     

森林土壤温室气体通量对森林管理和全球大气变化的响应

森林土壤是温室气体重要的源和汇。探讨不同森林管理和全球大气变化下土壤温室气体通量特征,为有效减少温室气体排放及森林可持续管理等提供参考。笔者从森林土壤温室气体(forest soil green house gases)、森林管理(forest mangement)和全球大气变化(global atmospheric change)3个关键研究点,查阅近年来相关研究成果,归纳森林管理和全球大气变化下土壤温室气体通量的一般性模式。CO₂、CH₄和N₂O是3种重要温室气体,其通量间存在协同、消长和随机型耦合关系。森林管理如火烧、采伐和造林等显著影响土壤温室气体通量。一般情况下,火烧导致土壤N₂O通量降低,CH₄吸收量增加,CO₂通量因火烧类型、火烧强度、生态系统类型不同出现增加、减低和无影响3种结果; 采伐通常导致土壤CO₂、CH₄和N₂O排放增加; 造林可使土壤CO₂排放减少,对N₂O和CH₄通量的影响随生态系统类型、造林树种等而改变。全球大气变化如CO₂浓度升高、氮沉降和气温升高影响森林土壤温室气体通量。通常,CO₂浓度升高导致土壤CO₂和N₂O排放量增加,CH₄吸收量降低; 氮沉降促进土壤N₂O排放、抑制CH₄吸收。气温升高导致土壤CO₂和N₂O排放增加。森林管理和全球大气变化对土壤温室气体通量的综合影响是非叠加的,有效的森林管理可能改变土壤温室气体通量对全球大气变化的响应。     

New proofs of the recent climate warming over the Tibetan Plateau as a result of the increasing greenhouse gases emissions

The Tibetan Plateau (TP, 75-105oE, 27.5-37.5oN) is the highest and largest highland in the world with a variety of climate and ecosystems. The TP exerts pro- found influences not only on the local climate and en- vironment but also on the global atmospher…     

以EMME／2为平台估测温室气体的研究成果

京都协议已确认并应用战略战术措施来减少温室气的排放,因此,城市交通系统规划人员不得不寻求一种革新的方法来满足京都协议的要求。本文包括四部分：第一部分简要介绍了环境可持续的城市交通的概念,油耗,温室气体排放和京都协议的要求;第二部分描述了温室气体排放估测所需的方法,并指出了在实践中存在的缺陷,第三部分阐述了如何应用ＥＭＭＥ／２作为平台来估测室气体的排放;最后第四部分作了总结。     

个人行为对校园能耗和节能减排的影响分析——复旦大学案例分析

全球气候的变化使得越来越多国家关注温室气体对于气候的影响,并开始致力于碳减排.校园是学生和教职工工作和生活的区域.提倡校园节能减排,不但节约、环保效益巨大,而且可以对学生进行节能减排教育,也对整个社会起到示范作用.对复旦校园的能耗以及学生和教职工个人与能耗相关的行为做了基础性的研究,得出75%的能耗来自于校园建筑,且建筑物中所有能耗均为电耗,所以研究邯郸校区的建筑物为主要对象并分析其电耗.通过分析其电耗数据,得到了电耗基准线和个人行为对整个校园电耗的影响,并提出低碳校园管理系统.校园内个人相关的电耗主要集中于三个方面,即照明设施使用、计算机使用和空调使用.通过理论计算与分析,得出在每项节能措施上的个人行为改变的节能减排空间,并给出合理的个人节能减排措施.     

Increased soil emissions of potent greenhouse gases under increased atmospheric CO2

Increasing concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO(2)) can affect biotic and abiotic conditions in soil, such as microbial activity and water content. In turn, these changes might be expected to alter the production and consumption of the important greenhouse gases nitrous oxide (N(2)O) and methane (CH(4)) (refs 2, 3). However, studies on fluxes of N(2)O and CH(4) from soil under increased atmospheric CO(2) have not been quantitatively synthesized. Here we show, using meta-analysis, that increased CO(2) (ranging from 463 to 780 parts per million by volume) stimulates both N(2)O emissions from upland soils and CH(4) emissions from rice paddies and natural wetlands. Because enhanced greenhouse-gas emissions add to the radiative forcing of terrestrial ecosystems, these emissions are expected to negate at least 16.6 per cent of the climate change mitigation potential previously predicted from an increase in the terrestrial carbon sink under increased atmospheric CO(2) concentrations. Our results therefore suggest that the capacity of land ecosystems to slow climate warming has been overestimated.     

Methane bubbling from Siberian thaw lakes as a positive feedback to climate warming

Large uncertainties in the budget of atmospheric methane, an important greenhouse gas, limit the accuracy of climate change projections. Thaw lakes in North Siberia are known to emit methane, but the magnitude of these emissions remains uncertain because most methane is released through ebullition (bubbling), which is spatially and temporally variable. Here we report a new method of measuring ebullition and use it to quantify methane emissions from two thaw lakes in North Siberia. We show that ebullition accounts for 95 per cent of methane emissions from these lakes, and that methane flux from thaw lakes in our study region may be five times higher than previously estimated. Extrapolation of these fluxes indicates that thaw lakes in North Siberia emit 3.8 teragrams of methane per year, which increases present estimates of methane emissions from northern wetlands (< 6-40 teragrams per year; refs 1, 2, 4-6) by between 10 and 63 per cent. We find that thawing permafrost along lake margins accounts for most of the methane released from the lakes, and estimate that an expansion of thaw lakes between 1974 and 2000, which was concurrent with regional warming, increased methane emissions in our study region by 58 per cent. Furthermore, the Pleistocene age (35,260-42,900 years) of methane emitted from hotspots along thawing lake margins indicates that this positive feedback to climate warming has led to the release of old carbon stocks previously stored in permafrost.     

CO2选择性加氢制甲醇非铜基催化剂研究进展

 综述了CO₂选择性加氢制甲醇非铜基催化剂的研究进展,着重讨论了负载型金属催化剂、双金属催化剂、固溶体催化剂、氧化铟基催化剂。分析表明,以M_aZrO_x（M_a=Zn,Ga,Cd）固溶体催化剂为代表的新兴复合氧化物催化剂及In₂O₃基催化剂,可同时实现高甲醇选择性、高甲醇收率、良好稳定性,极具大规模工业化应用前景。     

CO2选择性加氢制甲醇非铜基催化剂研究进展

 综述了CO₂选择性加氢制甲醇非铜基催化剂的研究进展，着重讨论了负载型金属催化剂、双金属催化剂、固溶体催化剂、氧化铟基催化剂。分析表明，以M_aZrO_x（M_a=Zn，Ga，Cd）固溶体催化剂为代表的新兴复合氧化物催化剂及In₂O₃基催化剂，可同时实现高甲醇选择性、高甲醇收率、良好稳定性，极具大规模工业化应用前景。     

城市工业低碳发展模式探讨

介绍了自20世纪70年代到现阶段百部生物碱的研究历史、化学结构分类、波谱特征、药理活性研究的研究进展和传统百部的止咳和高效低毒的杀虫功用特性。提出百部具有开发绿色杀虫剂的广泛前景,同时,指出在生物碱的研究中发现一些对叶百部生物碱有较好的镇咳活性,但还有待于从合成的角度去进一步研究,以弥补百部生物碱在药材中含量及提取纯化工艺的限制,从而进一步提升对百部生物碱的开发利用。     

城市温室气体清单编制与分析——以天津为例

为分析城市温室气体减排潜力提供基本方法和数据,以天津市为例,把温室气体排放源分为能源活动、工业生产、农业和废物等4个单元,提供了一套城市温室气体清单编制方法,并对城市主要碳源和碳强度进行分析．结果表明：如果天津市经济和温室气体排放维持近10年的平均增长速度,或可达到国务院提出的“十二五”减排目标;但由于诸多不确定性因素的存在,要实现减排目标还需挖掘减排潜力;天津能源消耗产生的温室气体占总排放量的72．2％,而按行业计算,工业产生的温室气体占总排量的77．9％．因此对主要工业碳源推行试点碳审计,制定行业碳排放标准,提高能源效率,降低能耗,是温室气体减排的关键因素．     

生物质燃烧排放物研究进展

生物质燃烧是大气温室气体的主要来源之一,是空气污染的主要构成因素,其对区域大气化学成分和空气质量以及地气系统的辐射平衡产生直接影响进而影响气候变化。科学阐明生物质燃烧排放物是开展大气污染防治工作的基础,亦是制定防控污染天气应急预案的重要依据。笔者从4个方面阐述生物质燃烧排放物的研究进展:生物质燃烧排放物成分,排放源解析及排放模型,生物质燃烧排放特性及其对大气环境的影响,以及燃烧排放物的时空异质性及时空规律性。针对目前研究现状及存在问题,认为应进一步加强生物质燃烧排放物定量化研究,利用 “3S”集成技术、改进算法,注重尺度的转换以及对模型的优化研究; 加强生物质燃烧排放物对生态环境的影响机理研究,进而为大气污染防治工作及制定防控污染天气应急预案提供参考。     

基于EIO-LCA模型的中国部门温室气体排放结构研究

基于中国2007年经济投入产出生命周期评价（EIO-LCA）模型,构建了部门温室气体排放矩阵,从生产和需求两个视角分析了温室气体排放在部门间的分布结构。此方法将两个分析视角整合在同一个框架内,能更好地认识温室气体排放与部门生产和最终需求的关系。结果表明：1）从生产角度看,电力、热力的生产和供应业的直接排放量最大,占20...     

Human contribution to the European heatwave of 2003

The summer of 2003 was probably the hottest in Europe since at latest ad 1500, and unusually large numbers of heat-related deaths were reported in France, Germany and Italy. It is an ill-posed question whether the 2003 heatwave was caused, in a simple deterministic sense, by a modification of the external influences on climate--for example, increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere--because almost any such weather event might have occurred by chance in an unmodified climate. However, it is possible to estimate by how much human activities may have increased the risk of the occurrence of such a heatwave. Here we use this conceptual framework to estimate the contribution of human-induced increases in atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases and other pollutants to the risk of the occurrence of unusually high mean summer temperatures throughout a large region of continental Europe. Using a threshold for mean summer temperature that was exceeded in 2003, but in no other year since the start of the instrumental record in 1851, we estimate it is very likely (confidence level >90%) that human influence has at least doubled the risk of a heatwave exceeding this threshold magnitude.     

Model evidence for climatic impact of thermohaline circulation on China at the century scale

Based on transient simulation of the last deglaciation (significant global warming period) using a fully coupled model and sensitivity experiment, we show explicitly how the thermohaline circulation (THC) affects the climate of China, especially during periods of abrupt climate change. The simulated evolution of the Chinese climate was consistent with the paleoclimate record during the last deglaciation. For example, the whole Chinese region warmed significantly during the Bølling-Allerød warming event (BA). When the magnitude of the THC was reduced in the sensitivity experiment during BA, warming of the Chinese region was greatly affected. Our work shows that in addition to orbital forcing and greenhouse gases, the THC is an important factor influencing climate change in China at the century scale.     

Increases in greenhouse forcing inferred from the outgoing longwave radiation spectra of the Earth in 1970 and 1997

The evolution of the Earth's climate has been extensively studied, and a strong link between increases in surface temperatures and greenhouse gases has been established. But this relationship is complicated by several feedback processes-most importantly the hydrological cycle-that are not well understood. Changes in the Earth's greenhouse effect can be detected from variations in the spectrum of outgoing longwave radiation, which is a measure of how the Earth cools to space and carries the imprint of the gases that are responsible for the greenhouse effect. Here we analyse the difference between the spectra of the outgoing longwave radiation of the Earth as measured by orbiting spacecraft in 1970 and 1997. We find differences in the spectra that point to long-term changes in atmospheric CH4, CO2 and O3 as well as CFC-11 and CFC-12. Our results provide direct experimental evidence for a significant increase in the Earth's greenhouse effect that is consistent with concerns over radiative forcing of climate.     

煤层气产业中国专利申请现状分析

煤层气作为一种重要的清洁型能源,其开发利用可以有效提高瓦斯事故防范水平,减排温室气体,产生良好的环保效应,商业化开采可产生巨大的经济效益.通过对煤层气产业中国专利申请情况进行的检索与分析,可了解煤层气产业的研究方向和重点领域,为我国煤层气资源的进一步合理利用提供参考依据.     

碳捕获与封存技术专利分析

碳捕获与封存（CCS）是在不需要降低化石燃料使用量的情况下,减少温室气体排入大气的一种手段。为了达到这种效果,必须使用技术从排放气体中分离和捕获二氧化碳,并把二氧化碳转化为甲醇等资源或者把二氧化碳封存到地质沉积物中。随着温室气体排放与气候变暖问题的加剧,国际上对CCS技术的关注日益加强,这也反映在专利申请的发展趋势上。利用Thomson Data Analyzer分析工具和Aureka分析平台对Derwent Innovations Index（DII）专利文献进行分析,表明CCS专利主要涉及化学、工程、仪器、能源与燃料、高分子科学等学科领域。CCS技术经历了起步阶段、波动增长阶段和快速增长阶段。DII收录的CCS专利主要来自日本、美国、德国、中国、法国等。各国研究的重点有所不同,德国用催化剂从废气等中脱除氮氧化物的比例比其他国家高,法国通过液化或固化分离气体的比例较高,荷兰一般化合碳方面所占比例高。最近3Af-加拿大、中国、韩国申请专利的数量增长速度最快,表明这些国家近期在该技术领域创新比较活跃。对CCS技术的关注在今后一段时间内将持续上升,我国需继续支持该领域的研发创新工作。