烧结铁矿中FeO含量对其在富氢高炉中还原行为的影响

Japan started the national project “COURSE 50” for CO₂ reduction in the 2000s. This project aimed to establish novel technologies to reduce CO₂ emissions with partially utilization of hydrogen in blast furnace-based ironmaking by 30% by around 2030 and use it for practical applications by 2050. The idea is that instead of coke, hydrogen is used as the reducing agent, leading to lower fossil fuel consumption in the process. It has been reported that the reduction behavior of hematite, magnetite, calcium ferrite, and slag in the sinter is different, and it is also considerably influenced by the sinter morphology. This study aimed to investigate the reduction behavior of sinters in hydrogen enriched blast furnace with different mineral morphologies in CO–CO₂–H₂ mixed gas. As an experimental sample, two sinter samples with significantly different hematite and magnetite ratios were prepared to compare their reduction behaviors. The reduction of wustite to iron was carried out at 1000, 900, and 800°C in a CO–CO₂–H₂ atmosphere for the mineral morphology-controlled sinter, and the following findings were obtained. The reduction rate of smaller amount of FeO led to faster increase of the reduction rate curve at the initial stage of reduction. Macro-observations of reduced samples showed that the reaction proceeded from the outer periphery of the sample toward the inside, and a reaction interface was observed where reduced iron and wustite coexisted. Micro-observations revealed three layers, namely, wustite single phase in the center zone of the sample, iron single phase in the outer periphery zone of the sample, and iron oxide-derived wustite FeO and iron, or calcium ferrite-derived wustite 'FeO' and iron in the reaction interface zone. A two-interface unreacted core model was successfully applied for the kinetic analysis of the reduction reaction, and obtained temperature dependent expressions of the chemical reaction coefficients from each mineral phases.     

Mg和La对Ca–Ti 处理钢中夹杂物演变和组织的影响

The evolution of inclusions and the formation of acicular ferrite (AF) in Ca–Ti treated steel was systematically investigated after Mg and La addition. The inclusions in the molten steel were Ca–Al–O, Ca–Al–Mg–O, and La–Mg–Ca–Al–O after Ca, Mg, and La addition, respectively. The type of oxide inclusion in the final quenched samples was the same as that in the molten steel. However, unlike those in molten steel, the inclusions were Ca–Al–Ti–O + MnS, Ca–Mg–Al–Ti–O + MnS, and La–Ca–Mg–Al–Ti–O + MnS in Mg-free, Mg-containing, and La-containing samples, respectively. The inclusions distributed dispersedly in the La-containing sample. In addition, the average size of the inclusions in the La-containing sample was the smallest, while the number density of inclusions was the highest. The size of effective inclusions (nucleus of AF formation) was mainly in the range of 1–3 μm. In addition, the content of ferrite side plates (FSP) decreased, while the percentage of AF increased by 16.2% due to the increase in the number of effective inclusions in the La-containing sample in this study.     

摩擦焊接碳钢（EN24）和镍基高温合金（IN718）的显微组织和力学性能

Continuous-drive rotary friction welding was performed to join cylindrical specimens of carbon steel (EN24) and nickel-based superalloy (IN718), and the microstructures of three distinct weld zones—the weld interface (WI)/thermo-mechanically affected zone (TMAZ), the heat-affected zone (HAZ), and the base metal—were examined. The joint was observed to be free of defects but featured uneven flash formation. Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) analysis showed substantial changes in high-angle grain boundaries, low-angle grain boundaries, and twin boundaries in the TMAZ and HAZ. Moreover, significant refinement in grain size (2–5 μm) was observed at the WI/TMAZ with reference to the base metal. The possible causes of these are discussed. The microhardness profile across the welded joint shows variation in hardness. The changes in hardness are ascribed to grain refinement, phase transformation, and the dissolution of strengthening precipitates. The tensile test results reveal that a joint efficiency of 100% can be achieved using this method.     

汽车暴露面板带有表面条状缺陷的夹杂物分布特征分析:一种定量电解方法

The specific distribution characteristics of inclusions along with the sliver defect were analyzed in detail to explain the formation mechanism of the sliver defect on the automobile exposed panel surface. A quantitative electrolysis method was used to compare and evaluate the three-dimensional morphology, size, composition, quantity, and distribution of inclusions in the defect and non-defect zone of automobile exposed panel. The Al₂O₃ inclusions were observed to be aggregated or chain-like shape along with the sliver defect of about 3–10 μm. The aggregation sections of the Al₂O₃ inclusions are distributed discretely along the rolling direction, with a spacing of 3–7 mm, a length of 6–7 mm, and a width of about 3 mm. The inclusion area part is 0.04%–0.16% with an average value of 0.08%, the inclusion number density is 40 mm?2 and the inclusion average spacing is 25.13 μm. The inclusion spacing is approximately 40–160 μm, with an average value of 68.76 μm in chain-like inclusion parts. The average area fraction and number density of inclusions in the non-defect region were reduced to about 0.002% and 1–2 mm?2, respectively, with the inclusion spacing of 400 μm and the size of Al₂O₃ being 1–3 μm.     

在酸性溶液中加压氧化三价砷离子和二价铁离子

The co-oxidation of As(III) and Fe(II) in acidic solutions by pressured oxygen was studied under an oxygen pressure between 0.5 and 2.0 MPa at a temperature of 150°C. It was confirmed that without Fe(II) ions, As(III) ions in the solutions are virtually non-oxidizable by pressured oxygen even at a temperature as high as 200°C and an oxygen pressure up to 2.0 MPa. Fe(II) ions in the solutions did have a catalysis effect on the oxidation of As(III), possibly attributable to the production of such strong oxidants as hydroxyl free radicals (OH·) and Fe(IV) in the oxidation process of Fe(II). The effects of such factors as the initial molar ratio of Fe(II)/As(III), initial pH value of the solution, oxygen pressure, and the addition of radical scavengers on the oxidation efficiencies of As(III) and Fe(II) were studied. It was found that the oxidation of As(III) was limited in the co-oxidation process due to the accumulation of the As(III) oxidation product, As(V), in the solutions.     

人工闪锌矿氧压酸浸过程中Cu2+的催化机理研究

The potential autoclave was used to study the catalytic mechanism of Cu2+ during the oxygen pressure leaching process of artificial sphalerite. By studying the potential change of the system at different temperatures and the SEM–EDS difference of the leaching residues, it was found that in the temperature range of 363–423 K, the internal Cu2+ formed a CuS deposit on the surface of sphalerite, which hindered the leaching reaction, resulting in a zinc leaching rate of only 51.04%. When the temperature exceeds 463 K, the system potential increases steadily. The increase in temperature leads to the dissolution of the CuS, which is beneficial to the circulation catalysis of Cu2+. At this time, the leaching rate of Zn exceeds 95%. In addition, the leaching kinetics equations at 363–423 and 423–483 K were established. The activation energy of zinc leaching at 363–423 and 423–483 K is 38.66 and 36.25 kJ/mol, respectively, and the leaching process is controlled by surface chemical reactions.     

超声振动辅助钨极惰性气体焊接异种金属 316L 和 L415

Ultrasonic vibration assisted tungsten inert gas welding was applied to joining stainless steel 316L and low alloy high strength steel L415. The effect of ultrasonic vibration on the microstructure and mechanical properties of a dissimilar metal welded joint of 316L and L415 was systematically investigated. The microstructures of both heat affected zones of L415 and weld metal were substantially refined, and the clusters of δ ferrite in traditional tungsten inert gas (TIG) weld were changed to a dispersive distribution via the ultrasonic vibration. The ultrasonic vibration promoted the uniform distribution of elements and decreased the micro-segregation tendency in the weld. With the application of ultrasonic vibration, the average tensile strength and elongation of the joint was improved from 613 to 650 MPa and from 16.15% to 31.54%, respectively. The content of Σ3 grain boundaries around the fusion line zone is higher and the distribution is more uniform in the ultrasonic vibration assisted welded joint compared with the traditional one, indicating an excellent weld metal crack resistance.     

活化天然矿石选择性还原二氧化碳为无定形碳

Natural magnetite formed by the isomorphism substitutions of transition metals, including Fe, Ti, Co, etc., was activated by mechanical grinding followed by H₂ reduction. The temperature-programmed reduction of hydrogen (H₂-TPR) and temperature-programmed surface reaction of carbon dioxide (CO₂-TPSR) were carried out to investigate the processes of oxygen loss and CO₂ reduction. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The results showed that the stability of spinel phases and oxygen-deficient degree significantly increased after natural magnetite was mechanically milled and reduced in H₂ atmosphere. Meanwhile, the activity and selectivity of CO₂ reduction into carbon were enhanced. The deposited carbon on the activated natural magnetite was confirmed as amorphous. The amount of carbon after CO₂ reduction at 300°C for 90 min over the activated natural magnetite was 2.87wt% higher than that over the natural magnetite.     

从“危机”中寻找“机遇”

发端于美国次贷危机的金融危机已经对中国的实体经济造成明显的冲击和影响,突出表现为外部需求减少,而且这种冲击和影响目前看起来还没有马上停止的迹象,其深度和广度有可能在今年进一步扩大.     

说滕文公之"文"

我们平时所说的战国时期的滕文公 ,实际上是滕元公 ,至于他为什么后世称他为“文”,则可以从几个方面来考虑 :其一 ,作为谥号的“元”和“文”差别并不是很大 ;其二 ,春秋战国时期的谥法并没有得到应有的尊重 ;其三 ,我们还要注意到儒家思想对中国社会文化影响的渐进性。     

贤能优劣论

统治阶级在不同时期有着不同的用人选择。“贤”是“德”的又一种表述,没有标准可界定,统治阶级择人用人,在战乱等非常用人时期,多用“能”,而在和平守成时期,立即改为用“贤”,而总是达不到预期的目的。而“能”,既可治国,又可安邦,却不常被用。     

关于"李约瑟问题"与"诺贝尔现象"的思考

一、对“李约瑟问题”的反思上个世纪 ,著名的科学家李约瑟曾经提出一个问题 :在公元前１世纪到公元１４世纪的漫长岁月中 ,中国科学和技术曾处于世界领先地位 ,并对整个人类文明做出了许多原创性的贡献。但在近三四百年中 ,中国社会为什么没有能够孕育出近代科学和技术？是什么原因导致近代中国科学和技术落后于西方的？这就是所谓的“李约瑟问题”。围绕“李约瑟问题” ,中外学者不但从不同的角度探讨了中国科学和技术本身所存在的缺陷 ,而且更多地讨论了中国社会和文化在政治、经济、文化等方面存在的种种不足和局限。这些讨论对于中国科…     

从“无兵的文化”到“竞逐富强”

一个民族的兴盛与一个民族是否具有捍卫自己利益的能力和决心有关,也与一个能够发挥市场优势的制度安排有关。因此,在一个以竞逐富强(thepursuitofpower)为原则而发展起来的现代世界中,中华民族在进行经济与政治制度变革的同时,必须改变自己文化上无兵的传统。     

国书馆“传统”与“现代”论

从藏书结构、服务模式、管理方式等方面阐述了传统图书馆模式的特点,并从图书馆的虚拟化和图书馆管理的人本化方面分析了现代图书馆的发展走向。     

怎样"求"才能获得"是"

实事求是包括了解、掌握“实事”与从“实事”中“求是”这两个方面的工作,但许多研究者却很少涉及如何从“实事”中“求是”的问题。这是一个不足。毛泽东“求是”,一是用分析与综合的方法,分析矛盾、矛盾方面以及条件的特点,综合、比较,得出结论。二是用归纳与概括的方法,概括实践发现的联系,揭示出事物运动的规律性。近代科学的早期,人们认识规律采用的主要是“实验一归纳法”,现代科学则侧重于运用“假设一演绎法”。解决从经验事实中“求是”的问题则有主要依靠逻辑方法和主要依靠理智去发明等主张。这些不同的方法都有许多成功的实例。我们应当学习、掌握这些方法,并把它们结合起来,以利于我们在实践中真正做到实事求是。     

审判质量管理的“满意”与“公正”之间

公众对案件的"满意度"与"司法公正"的内涵本身存在的原理性冲突,当事人对事件结果公正的不同理解、媒体对社会舆论的导向,直接影响着公众对司法案件的认识和评价。一旦舆情被某种因素引导,社会舆论就容易发展趋向于一种或几种极端的论调,产生"群体极化"现象。其中非理性的部分社会舆情将产生巨大的力量,可能引发"满意"与司法公正的较量。"河北王朝案"就是发生在审判质量管理背景下舆情与司法的一次激烈冲突。因此,应弱化以"满意度"作为案件质量评估的指标,从而回归司法独立、司法公正的本质。     

对“以人为本”中“人”的几种理解的辨析

学界对"以人为本"当前主要有四种理解。把"以人为本"中的"人"理解为"人民群众",是从政治视角而言的,针对的是"少数人"范畴;把"以人为本"中的"人"理解为"全体公民",是从法律视角而言的,针对的是"部分公民"范畴;把"以人为本"中的"人"理解为"人类",是从人类共同利益视角而言的,针对的是"自然"和"物"范畴;把"以人为本"中的"人"理解为"具体的个体的人",是从工作落实视角而言的,针对的是理论层面抽象的"人"范畴。应在特定的范围内理解"以人为本"中的"人",超出其特定适应范围便容易导致对其中的"人"的误读。党中央提出的"以人为本"中的"人",无疑应当是指中国最广大人民群众,而学界所作的拓展性理解则是适应于特定范围、解决特定问题的。