Quantitative study of tectonic geomorphology along Haiyuan fault based on airborne LiDAR

High-precision and high-resolution topography are the fundamental data for active fault research.Light detection and ranging(LiDAR)presents a new approach to build detailed digital elevation models effectively.We take the Haiyuan fault in Gansu Province as an example of how LiDAR data may be used to improve the study of active faults and the risk assessment of related hazards.In the eastern segment of the Haiyuan fault,the Shaomayin site has been comprehensively investigated in previous research because of its exemplary tectonic topographic features.Based on unprecedented LiDAR data,the horizontal and vertical coseismic offsets at the Shaomayin site are described.The measured horizontal value is about 8.6 m,and the vertical value is about 0.8 m.Using prior dating ages sampled from the same location,we estimate the horizontal slip rate as4.0±1.0 mm/a with high confidence and define that the lower bound of the vertical slip rate is 0.4±0.1 mm/a since the Holocene.LiDAR data can repeat the measurements of field work on quantifying offsets of tectonic landform features quite well.The offset landforms are visualized on an office computer workstation easily,and specialized software may be used to obtain displacement quantitatively.By combining precious chronological results,the fundamentallink between fault activity and large earthquakes is better recognized,as well as the potential risk for future earthquake hazards.     

Correlation,entropy, and information transfer in black hole radiation

Since the discovery of Hawking radiation, its consistency with quantum theory has been widely questioned. In the widely described picture, irrespective of what initial state a black hole starts with before collapsing, it eventually evolves into a thermal state of Hawking radiations after the black hole is exhausted. This scenario violates the principle of unitarity as required for quantum mechanics and leads to the acclaimed ‘‘information loss paradox'. This paradox has become an obstacle or a reversed touchstone for any possible theory to unify the gravity and quantum mechanics. Based on the results from Hawking radiation as tunneling, we recently show that Hawking radiations can carry off all information about the collapsed matter in a black hole. After discovering the existence of information-carrying correlation, we show in great detail that entropy is conserved for Hawking radiation based on standard probability theory and statistics. We claim that information previously considered lost remains hidden inside Hawking radiation. More specifically, it is encoded into correlations between Hawking radiations. Our study thus establishes harmony between Hawking radiation and the unitarity of quantum mechanics, which establishes the basis for a significant milestone toward resolving the long-standing information loss paradox. The paper provides a brief review of the exciting development on Hawking radiation. In addition to summarize our own work on this subject, we compare and address other related studies.     

Study on the application of active balancing device to solve the vibration problem for the rotor with bending fault

The rotor with bending faults that occurrs on the rotating machinery usually vibrates seriously. This paper investigates to apply the active balancing device on a flexible rotor with bending faults to solve the vibration problem. Two problems are studied by finite element method firstly： Where the balance actuator is fixed on the shaft and how much the balancing capacity of the active balancing device is needed. The experiment is then carried out on the test rig, which consists of a flexible rotor with bending faults. The test results indicate that the bending rotor peak vibration response can be decreased from 550~m to 40~tm below by using the active balancing device. The peak vibration response decreases approximately by 93 %. The synchronous vibration due to the rotor bending faults can be controlled effectively by using ac- tive balancing device. The active balancing device is especially adapted to solve the problem caused by thermal distortion with time-variation and randomness, which is varied with working conditions, thus it has good practical value in practice.     

Application study of a correction method for a spacecraft thermal model with a Monte-Carlo hybrid algorithm

The correction of a thermal model for a thermally controlled satellite in ground test conditions is studied using a Monte Carlo hybrid algorithm.First,the global and local parameters are summarized according to sensitivity analyses on uncertain parameters,and then the model correction is treated as a parameter optimization problem to be solved with a hybrid algorithm.Finally,the correction of the thermal model is completed using a layered correction method.The sensitivity analysis showed that the effective emissivities across the multi-layer insulation (MLI) and the emissivities of the thermal control coating are global parameters,while the contact heat transfer coefficients are local parameters.After correction,the deviations between the calculated and test values were all within ± 3 ℃.The final results prove that the method in this study is superior to traditional methods and satisfies the requirements for thermal model correction.     

Some thoughts on seismotectonics of major earthquake occurrence zones in China

A major earthquake occurrence zone means a place where M≥6 events have occurred since the Holocene and similar shocks may happen again in the future. The dynamic context of the major earthquake occurrence zones in China is primarily associated with the NNE-directed push of the India plate,next with the westward subduction of the Pacific plate. The Chinese mainland is a grand mosaic structure of many crust blocks bounded by faults and sutures. When it is suffered from boundary stresses,deformation takes place along these faults or sutures while the block interiors remain relatively stable or intact. Since the Quaternary,for example,left slip on the Xianshuihe-Xiaojiang fault zone in southwestern China has produced a number of fault-depression basins in extensional areas during periods Q1 and Q2. In the Q3,the change of stress orientation and enhancement of tectonic movement made faults of varied trends link each other,and continued to be active till present day,producing active fault zones in this region. Usually major earthquakes occur at some special locations on these active fault zones. During these events,in the epicenter areas experience intensive deformation characterized by large-amplitude rise and fall of neighboring sections,generation of horst-graben systems and dammed rivers. The studies on palaeoearthquakes suggest that major shocks of close magnitudes often repeated for several times at a same place. By comparison of the Chi-Chi,Taiwan event in 1999 and Yuza,Yunnan event in 1955,including contours of accelerations and intensities,destruction of buildings,and in contrast to the Xigeda formation in southwestern China,a sandwich model is established to account for the mechanism of deformation caused by major earthquakes. This model consists of three layers,i. e. the two walls of a fault and the ruptured zone intercalated between them. This ruptured zone is just the loci where stress is built up and released,and serves as a channel for seismic waves.     

Research advances in the Mesozoic tectonic regimes during the formation of Jiaodong ore cluster area

Based on research advances of the tectonic regime in Jiaodong ore cluster area and the related tectonic regime transformation in Mesozoic era in the eastern region of North China, in this paper, we first summarize some key problems required to be studied further on. Then we suggest an approach to dealing with these problems. It is known that the gold deposits in Jiaodong ore cluster area, which are of different mineralization styles, spatial distributions and geological settings, might be as a result from one or more geologic events in Mesozoic. Till now, this kind of research on the temporal evolution and spatial migration sequence, especially on the geodynamic mechanism of the above events, is far from sufficient. Moreover, quantitatively describing the action mode and the temporal?spatial framework of tectonic dynamic regimes and formulating the relative contribution of every tectonic dynamic regime for the metallogensis are still challenges to the geologists studying on the formation of Jiaodong ore cluster area. According to the interpretation of the regional tectonic analysis, the structural dynamics, the observation and the exploration of the mineralization network, we propose a geological?physical?chemical model with some constraints originated from the comprehensive analysis. We then use this model to simulate the coupled processes of the structural deformation, thermal transport, fluid flow and the chemical reaction. The obtained results indicate that the model is efficient in further analyzing the temporal?spatial evolutional trail of the tectonic regime in Jiaodong ore cluster area and in further understanding the nature of the mass metallogensis.     

Numerical modeling of the regional ground water flow in Beishan area, Gansu Province

The characterization of the regional ground water flow system is very important to high-level radioactive waste geological disposal. The Beishan area, located in northwestern Gansu Province, China, is selected as a potential site for disposal repository. The area includes about 100000 km2 and has complicated hydrogeological conditions, which greatly increase the computational effort of regional ground water flow models. In order to reduce computing time, parallel computing scheme was applied to regional ground water flow simulation. Models with over one million cells were used to simulate how the faults and different recharge conditions impact regional ground water flow, both in steady and transient state. The results of this study provide regional ground water flow information for site characterization of the potential high-level radioactive waste disposal.     

Design and calculation of low infrared transmittance and low emissivity coatings for heat radiative applications

The infrared transmittance and emissivity of heat-insulating coatings pigmented with various structural particles were studied using Kubelka-Munk theory and Mie theory. The primary design purpose was to obtain the low transmittance and low emissivity coatings to reduce the heat transfer by thermal radiation for high-temperature applications. In the case of silica coating layers constituted with various structural titania particles (solid, hollow, and core-shell spherical), the dependence of transmittance and emissivity of the coating layer on the particle structure and the layer thickness was investigated and optimized. The results indicate that the coating pigmented with core-shell titania particles exhibits a lower infrared transmittance and a lower emissivity value than that with other structural particles and is suitable to radiative heat-insulating applications.     

Three-Gorges Reservoir Area on the Yangtze River Faced with Risk of Induced Destructive Earthquakes

The Three-Gorge Water Conservancy Project on the Yangtze River started to impound water by locking gates on June 1, 2003. A swarm of more than 2000 small earthquakes suddenly occurred densely along the river section in Xinling Town north of Badong, Hubei Province, on June 7. This caused grave concern in the following years, but, with the completion of the second- and third-phase engineering construction, the water level in the reservoir will rise up to 156 m and 175 m respectively, no matter whether it can induce larger and stronger earthquakes. After an analysis of the distribution of active faults in the eastern part of the reservoir area, their intersections and capability to generate earthquakes from a seismo-tectonic viewpoint, we consider that after the reservoir impounding, two potential focal zones existing in Badong and Zigui counties may generate M 5.5 earthquake, the seismic intensity of which may reach Ⅷ. It will induce landslide bodies in the reservoir area to be reactivated and slide. The evidence is the large-scale landslide occurring on the Shazhenxi Creek river in Zigui County on June 12, 2003.     

On the Application of PCA Technique to Fault Diagnosis

In this paper, we briefly address the application of the standard principal component analysis (PCA) technique to fault detection and identification. Based on an analysis of the existing test statistic, we propose a new test statistic, which is similar to the Hawkin’s TH 2 statistic but without the numerical drawback. In comparison with the SPE index, the threshold setting associated with the new statistic is computationally simpler. Our further study is dedicated to the analysis of fault sensitivity. We consider the off-set and scaling faults, and evaluate the test statistic by viewing its sensitivity to the faults. Our final study focuses on identifying off-set and scaling faults. To this end, two algorithms are proposed. This paper also includes some critical remarks on the application of the PCA technique to fault diagnosis.     

临震卫星热红外异常的机理分析

围绕卫星红外异常预测地震方法的理论基础——临震红外异常的成因机制问题,简介前人基于实验的各种假说;结合红外遥感和地面观测实际进行验证和评述;从红外遥感理论依据——斯忒藩-玻耳兹曼定律出发加以分析,针对临震热红外异常出现时间的短暂性、范围的区域性、增幅的显著性等特点加以具体运用,从理论和实践的结合上,对红外异常的机理和红外遥感地震的方法,进行评述和展望。     

工程地质环境与可持续发展Ⅱ活动断裂与发震的关系

地震发生在活动断裂上，而断裂活动并非都一定发震。为进行地震危险性分析，确定未来可能发生地震的地段和强度而对活动断裂与发震的关系进行了研究     

安宁河裂谷的“活化”

安宁河裂谷位于"攀西裂谷"的中轴部位,近期研究发现,裂谷区有显著的地壳引张作用,存在地幔隆起与热对流。通过野外实地调查,结合地球物理、断裂、沉积、地震、地应力和地形变等资料,认为安宁河裂谷区现在正处于明显的构造活化状态。这种活化受上地壳塑性流动产生的水平挤压和地幔隆起产生的应力张量的共同作用。据此提出一个新的裂谷活化地壳力源模型,认为在研究区特定的地球动力环境下,以安宁河裂谷为中心,再现岩浆活动和地壳裂陷并非不可能。     

Wenchuan earthquake: Brightness temperature changes from satellite infrared information

By using an alternative processing method for satellite infrared remote sensing data and adopting the China Geostationary Mete-orological Satellite (FY-2C) infrared remote sensing brightness temperature data, we studied the great 2008 Wenchuan Ms8.0 earthquake. Results indicate the obvious characteristic period and amplitude, and distribution of thermal infrared anomalies before the Wenchuan earthquake. And we discussed the mechanism of the observed pre-earthquake thermal anomalies. The characteristics of observed thermal infrared anomalies are easy to be recognized and applied, and could provide a criterion for thermal anomalies of earthquakes.     

卫星红外异常预测短临地震的系统研究Ⅰ——研究历史与可行性

卫星红外异常预测短临地震是我国科技工作首先开发研究试用的开创性新方法。简介了该方法的国内外研究现状；对我国震前增温异常反映地震的历史到运用卫星红外异常预测短临地震的开发研究过程进行了系统的回顾。从红外异常时空动态与地震活动的对应关系的统计分析，论证了红外异常预测短临地震新方法的科学性、普适性和可行性，并对相关的影响因素，如地形、地物、气象等的干扰和排除，进行了初步探索。     

河北平原地震带地裂缝与地震活动

３０年来在河北平原地震带出现地裂缝４０２条处，其中至少有７１．５％是构造地裂缝。调查发现，它们和现代中小地震都存在着长４—５年的活动小周期，直接受地应力活动支配，两者有成生联系。此外，本区地应力、地下水位、地震和地裂的活动高潮依次滞后几月至２年，先后出现组成系列，四者都是区域地应力增强的反应。     

四川芦山Ms 7.0级地震前卫星线性云异常现象

 对四川芦山地震前1个月内的FY-2卫星云图与红外亮温数据分析发现,震前3d即4月17日的06:30—09:30,在青藏高原东部出现延展达数百千米的两条线性云,两者延伸交叉处正是芦山地震的震中位置。通过与汶川Ms 8.0级地震前数小时出现的线性云异常进行比较,认为龙门山断裂带强震前屡次出现的“无中生有”线性云异常现象,可能与青藏高原东部地下未知的隐伏构造及油气赋存有关,具有一定的临震指示性,应该作为该地区地震遥感监测的重点。今后,在全球综合地球观测系统(GEOSS)大数据的支持下,考虑孕震过程中的地球系统多圈层作用与耦合效应,将开展遥感多参数异常时空特征及其关联性分析,为解开该地区的线性云异常之谜提供科学依据。     

试析地震与断裂的关系

浅源地震总是伴随断裂活动而发生的,已有资料证实地震确实是在已有断裂面附近密集发生,地震与地表现有的活动断裂带有密切的关系。为进行地震危险性分析,确定未来可能发生地震的地段和强度是极为重要的。     

庐山新构造运动初步研究

本文认为庐山新构造运动活跃。中山低地对照极其鲜明、断层崖悬崖峭壁、温泉地震、谷地形态悬殊、多级裂点瀑布和岬湾曲折湖岸是庐山新构造运动主要迹象;而地垒、地堑、断(?)、掀斜则是主要类型。庐山新构造运动具有运动普遍、继承明显、间歇显著的特征。而且新构造运动经历了轻度—强烈—轻度等断块升降时期,从而控制地貌发育过程。     

Application of satellite thermal infrared remote sensing in monitoring magmatic activity of Changbaishan Tianchi volcano

In this paper, with the application of satellite thermal infrared remote sensing technique, nine land surface temperature distribution maps of Changbaishan Tianchi volcano area are retrieved from nine thermal infrared images which are taken from 1999 to 2008. In terms of NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index), we classify the surface cover of the study area into three types, i.e. vegetation (forest), mixture of soil and vegetation (short grasses), and bare rock. The average temperature of each type of surface covers is calculated first, and then the average daily temperature record from Tianchi meteorological station is subtracted in order to reduce the effect of weather variation. Finally, thermal anomalies of three types of surface cover in Changbaishan Tianchi volcano area in the period of 1999 to 2008 are obtained, which is believed to reflect the magmatic activity in the magma chamber under Tianchi volcano caldera. Our results indicate that temperature of the study area increased with an intermittent tendency during 1999 to 2005, but dropped after 2005, and then maintained a relatively stable state from 2006 to 2008. Such a tendency of annual temperature variation possibly caused by magmatic activity is correlated with the results observed by means of seismic monitoring, ground deformation from GPS measurement, and volcanic gas geochemistry monitoring in the same area. It is implied that the upward intrusion of magma may cause temperature increase, and such temperature variation is great enough so that could be detected by using satellite thermal infrared remote sensing technology.