黄骅拗陷构造运动程式探讨

黄骅拗陷是勃中三叉裂谷系中的一支裂谷,其有地幔隆起,高热流和火山活动频繁有等特征。拗陷中发育着四套构造地层组合,对应着三个构造层次。裂谷盆地的演化经历了三个阶段不同方向的构造运动程式：(1)前裂谷阶段经受印支运动近南北向的挤压作用、燕山早期运动北西—南东向的挤压作用及燕山晚期运动北西西—南东东向的挤压作用等;(2)裂谷阶段经受两期裂陷作用,为北西—南东向和近南北向的引张作用;(3)压裂谷阶段裂谷萎缩引起的垂向下陷运动。     

Q:东非大裂谷未来会变成海洋吗?

正A:现今地球上有几个处于活动中的裂谷系(右图A),其中最受瞩目的是东非大裂谷,它被称作"地球的伤疤",以其雄伟壮观的地形和众多的火山湖泊而闻名。它的东西两支长度累积近6000千米,裂谷带平均宽度约40~60千米,最大宽度约200千米。裂谷形成于大陆地壳内部。地幔对流理论认为,地幔在大洋中脊上涌形成新的洋壳,而     

敦煌盆地中侏罗世火山岩的地球化学特征及其地质意义

敦煌盆地托格,多坝沟和芦草沟等地中侏罗世火山岩属于碱性玄武岩,其微量元素和稀土元素特征表明,该火山岩与典型大陆裂谷碱性玄武岩相似,属于张性作用的产物,区域和盆地分析说明,三地区火山作用同一条张性断裂控制。火山岩地球化学纵向上的演化受结晶分异作用的控制,横向上的变化,受地幔隆起程度和部分熔融程度影响。     

东北地区白垩纪断陷盆地群形成模式及其油气地质意义

东北地区白垩系断陷盆地群是在古生代褶皱造山带的基础上发展起来的早白垩世宽范围火山断陷盆地群,经历了一个完整的拉张断陷到挤压回返的构造旋回,伸展作用强烈,坳陷广泛发育,具有构造样式复杂、垒堑相间、断超结构的特点。郯庐断裂带北段在早白垩世发生的左旋走滑运动控制了断裂带两侧盆地的发育。中生代断陷盆地群是在较新的地壳上发展起来的,中酸性火山活动强烈,在松辽盆地和海拉尔盆地存在两个岩石圈减薄区。断陷盆地群具有相似的构造特点,火山断陷作用强烈。在前人研究的基础上,证实了松辽盆地存在裂前隆起。本文从裂谷成盆模式模式入手,认为断陷盆地群东部是窄裂谷成盆模式,西部及中部是宽裂谷成盆模式,认为东北断陷盆地群是在幔隆过程中形成。     

塔里木盆地深部构造与震旦纪裂谷

塔里木盆地是一个发育在塔里木反块中部的大型克拉通盆地，它位于一近东西向展布的地幔隆起之上，其地壳厚度为４１～５０ｋｍ。盆地基底结构复杂，由太古界—下元古界深变质岩系和中上元古界浅变质岩系经８００Ｍａ前的热构造事件拼合固结而成。基底四周被深大断裂切割，控制和影响着盆地的形成与演化。震旦纪，岩石圈伸展分裂，塔里木盆地南北缘均为被动大陆边缘，其裂谷作用具有北强南弱东强西弱的特点。因此，在盆地部形成夭折裂谷，盆地西南则表现为克拉通内坳陷     

内马铁路东非大裂谷区地裂缝发育特征及成因分析

地裂缝是一种严重的地质灾害。在建内马铁路途经构造活动现今活跃的东非大裂谷段,铁路施工期间沿线观测到多处地裂缝。为查明研究区地裂缝的发育特征,厘清内马铁路东非大裂谷地裂缝的产生原因,本文通过综合物探技术、钻探和挖探等探测技术,并开展综合勘探地质-地球物理解释,研究结果表明：内马铁路东非大裂谷段地裂缝发育具有切割发育宽度小、深度浅、延伸长度短的特征。钻井和浅层地质-地球物理结构调查显示,内马铁路东非大裂谷段基底以火山凝灰岩熔岩流与裂谷碎屑岩互层组成,埋藏深度为36-50米。通过分析研究区先存和新产生地裂缝的分布发现地裂缝的形成通常与基底正断层共生,表明地裂缝的形成由深部伸展张应力控制;卫星数据显示,新的地裂缝经常暴雨之后发育,并与深部断裂共生,大部分地裂缝终止于压实强度较大的路基附近。表明降水为地裂缝再次活化和扩张的驱动力,而表层地质条件的加固有利于阻碍地裂缝的进一步发展,为研究区地裂缝灾害的防护提供理论支撑     

地壳热绝缘层破坏大地热流增大与全球气候变暖

目前,学术界关于全球气候变暖现象,公认的解释是由于人类活动和使用化石燃料,温室气体过度排放产生温室效应所致。本文通过沥青热绝缘模拟以及对人体皮下脂肪组织的热绝缘功能、中国长沙马王堆一号汉墓与北京明十三陵定陵发掘、地球与金星环境、近百年全球年平均气温的变化与近百年大气中CO2浓度年增量及全球平均SST变化等进行对比分析,认为地球是一个巨大的"水球",温室效应极其有限。试验结果和收集的证据显示,地球作为一个整体,地壳中的化石燃料有类似人体皮下脂肪组织热绝缘作用,油气、煤炭就是地球的"皮下脂肪组织"。人类无休止的大规模开采矿产能源,使地壳热绝缘功能减弱,大地热流增大使地球内部热量过多传至地表,导致地温、尤其是海洋水温增高,正是全球气候变暖的主要原因。文章还对如何修复地壳热绝缘层提出了解决办法。     

裂谷的成因分类

在对世界上300余个裂谷的地质和地球物理资料及中国部分裂谷实地研究的基础上,作者依据力源及受力物体(岩石圈或地壳)的性质差异及两者的组合,将裂谷按成因分为夏威夷型、湘东型、贝加尔型、拗拉谷型、大西洋型、弧间盆地型、弧后盆地型、莱茵型、汾渭型及转换渗漏型等十大类,并对它们的形成过程及发展趋势等作了简要介绍。     

华南地区不同时代硅质岩地球化学特征及地质意义

我国华南地区前寒武系至二叠系地层广泛发育硅质岩,开展不同时代硅质岩地球化学特征及成因研究对华南地区构造演化具有重要意义。基于华南地区前寒武系至二叠系硅质岩主量及稀土元素分析数据,结合岩石学、古生物等资料,对华南地区元古代和古生代7个层系中硅质岩开展了对比分析及成因探讨。结果表明:(1)震旦纪时期,华南地区硅质岩沉积于远洋盆地,热源受南华裂谷等张裂事件影响;(2)寒武纪时期,华南地区硅质岩沉积于远洋盆地和大陆边缘过渡带,热源受到地壳张裂作用影响;(3)奥陶纪—志留纪时期,华南地区硅质岩沉积于大陆边缘环境,热源与地壳的张裂作用有关;(4)泥盆纪时期,华南地区硅质岩沉积于海盆环境,热源与广西运动造成火山活动有关;(5)石炭纪时期,华南地区硅质岩沉积于海盆环境,热源与地壳张裂作用有关;(6)二叠纪时期,华南地区硅质岩沉积于海盆环境,热源与峨眉山地幔柱活动有关。震旦纪—二叠纪时期,华南地区与构造运动相伴生的热液活动为硅质岩形成提供了充足的硅源,是该地区硅质岩形成的主要控制因素,且硅质岩清晰记录了华南地区震旦纪—二叠纪时期古气候、古环境和古构造特征及其演化。     

基于ASTER-GDEM数据的亚东-谷露和错那-沃卡裂谷系地区构造地貌分析

基于ASTER GDEM数据运用ArcGIS技术对藏东南地区进行高程、地势起伏度、坡度、条带剖面和面积-高程积分值（Hypsometry Index, HI）等数字地貌分析,结合前人资料分析藏南东部区域地质地貌特征。结果表明：研究区数字高程模型和真实地貌相吻合,亚东-谷露和错那-沃卡裂谷系的展布对研究区地貌格局划分起着重要作用,区内表现出西高东低和南高北低的地貌格局,米拉山地垒影响拉萨河和尼洋河的发育,沃卡地堑促进雅鲁藏布江向东发育。HI变化能反映出构造活动和岩相差异,米拉山地垒和念青唐古拉演化阶段进入幼年期（HI>0.6）是构造活动因素主导,壮年期（0.35相似文献   

A mechanism to thin the continental lithosphere at magma-poor margins

Where continental plates break apart, slip along multiple normal faults provides the required space for the Earth's crust to thin and subside. After initial rifting, however, the displacement on normal faults observed at the sea floor seems not to match the inferred extension. Here we show that crustal thinning can be accomplished in such extensional environments by a system of conjugate concave downward faults instead of multiple normal faults. Our model predicts that these concave faults accumulate large amounts of extension and form a very thin crust (< 10 km) by exhumation of mid-crustal and mantle material. This transitional crust is capped by sub-horizontal detachment surfaces over distances exceeding 100 km with little visible deformation. Our rift model is based on numerical experiments constrained by geological and geophysical observations from the Alpine Tethys and Iberia/Newfoundland margins. Furthermore, we suggest that the observed transition from broadly distributed and symmetric extension to localized and asymmetric rifting is directly controlled by the existence of a strong gabbroic lower crust. The presence of such lower crustal gabbros is well constrained for the Alpine Tethys system. Initial decoupling of upper crustal deformation from lower crustal and mantle deformation by progressive weakening of the middle crust is an essential requirement to reproduce the observed rift evolution. This is achieved in our models by the formation of weak ductile shear zones.     

Geophysical evidence for reduced melt production on the Arctic ultraslow Gakkel mid-ocean ridge

Most models of melt generation beneath mid-ocean ridges predict significant reduction of melt production at ultraslow spreading rates (full spreading rates &<20 mm x yr(-1)) and consequently they predict thinned oceanic crust. The 1,800-km-long Arctic Gakkel mid-ocean ridge is an ideal location to test such models, as it is by far the slowest portion of the global mid-ocean-ridge spreading system, with a full spreading rate ranging from 6 to 13 mm x yr(-1) (refs 4, 5). Furthermore, in contrast to some other ridge systems, the spreading direction on the Gakkel ridge is not oblique and the rift valley is not offset by major transform faults. Here we present seismic evidence for the presence of exceptionally thin crust along the Gakkel ridge rift valley with crustal thicknesses varying between 1.9 and 3.3 km (compared to the more usual value of 7 km found on medium- to fast-spreading mid-ocean ridges). Almost 8,300 km of closely spaced aeromagnetic profiles across the rift valley show the presence of discrete volcanic centres along the ridge, which we interpret as evidence for strongly focused, three-dimensional magma supply. The traces of these eruptive centres can be followed to crustal ages of approximately 25 Myr off-axis, implying that these magma production and transport systems have been stable over this timescale.     

Magma-assisted rifting in Ethiopia

The rifting of continents and evolution of ocean basins is a fundamental component of plate tectonics, yet the process of continental break-up remains controversial. Plate driving forces have been estimated to be as much as an order of magnitude smaller than those required to rupture thick continental lithosphere. However, Buck has proposed that lithospheric heating by mantle upwelling and related magma production could promote lithospheric rupture at much lower stresses. Such models of mechanical versus magma-assisted extension can be tested, because they predict different temporal and spatial patterns of crustal and upper-mantle structure. Changes in plate deformation produce strain-enhanced crystal alignment and increased melt production within the upper mantle, both of which can cause seismic anisotropy. The Northern Ethiopian Rift is an ideal place to test break-up models because it formed in cratonic lithosphere with minor far-field plate stresses. Here we present evidence of seismic anisotropy in the upper mantle of this rift zone using observations of shear-wave splitting. Our observations, together with recent geological data, indicate a strong component of melt-induced anisotropy with only minor crustal stretching, supporting the magma-assisted rifting model in this area of initially cold, thick continental lithosphere.     

山东地区地壳及上地幔结构研究

利用布设在山东省境内的宽频带流动地震观测台阵和国家地震局固定地震观测台站记录的地震数据, 应用接收函数和SKS波分裂方法, 研究山东地区的地壳与上地幔结构, 得到该区域的地壳厚度、地壳平均P波与S波的波速比以及SKS波分裂延迟的分布情况。结果表明, 山东地区地壳厚度范围为28~39 km; 胶南隆起的北段和南段以及鲁西隆起北侧济阳凹陷的地壳厚度小于32 km, 鲁西隆起下方的地壳比较厚。研究区 P波与S波的波速比主要分布在1.67~1.94之间, 鲁西隆起西南部和胶南隆起北段该比值小于1.75, 可能是由中上地壳增厚以及下地壳减薄和拆沉造成。鲁西隆起南北P波与S波的波速比差异反映地壳活动的差异。地幔物质的各向异性显示, 山东地区西部的地壳减薄和拆沉可能仍在进行。     

川滇地区地壳结构的虚拟地表震源 反射测深法研究

基于中国地震局地质研究所在中国四川西部布设的流动地震观测台阵数据,用近年发展起来的虚拟地表震源反射测深方法研究川滇地区的地壳结构。结果表明,川滇地块、松潘-甘孜地块和杨子地块3个地块虚拟地表震源反射测深的莫霍面深度存在明显差异:1)四川盆地为40 km左右;2)川滇地块为45~50 km;3)松潘-甘孜地块为30~40 km。四川盆地虚拟地表震源反射测深的莫霍面深度与艾里重力均衡模型所预测的结果基本上一致,而川滇地块和松潘-甘孜地块虚拟地表震源反射测深的莫霍面深度明显小于前人得到的接收函数莫霍面深度和艾里重力均衡模型预测的结果。可能与四川盆地地壳结构简单,而川滇地块及松潘-甘孜地块地壳结构复杂有关。同时,结果显示,在鲜水河断裂和安宁河断裂处虚拟地表震源反射测深的莫霍面深度明显变浅,可能与这些深大断裂处地幔物质的上涌有关。研究结果可为认识青藏高原东南缘的构造变形模式提供新的约束。     

Constrained circulation at Endeavour ridge facilitates colonization by vent larvae

Understanding how larvae from extant hydrothermal vent fields colonize neighbouring regions of the mid-ocean ridge system remains a major challenge in oceanic research. Among the factors considered important in the recruitment of deep-sea larvae are metabolic lifespan, the connectivity of the seafloor topography, and the characteristics of the currents. Here we use current velocity measurements from Endeavour ridge to examine the role of topographically constrained circulation on larval transport along-ridge. We show that the dominant tidal and wind-generated currents in the region are strongly attenuated within the rift valley that splits the ridge crest, and that hydrothermal plumes rising from vent fields in the valley drive a steady near-bottom inflow within the valley. Extrapolation of these findings suggests that the suppression of oscillatory currents within rift valleys of mid-ocean ridges shields larvae from cross-axis dispersal into the inhospitable deep ocean. This effect, augmented by plume-driven circulation within rift valleys having active hydrothermal venting, helps retain larvae near their source. Larvae are then exported preferentially down-ridge during regional flow events that intermittently over-ride the currents within the valley.     

青藏高原改则火山岩地球化学特征

对分布于西藏改则地区班公湖-怒江缝合带的早白垩世去申拉组火山岩进行了岩石学、地球化学及大地构造研究。该区火山岩为一套低-中钾的中-基性钙碱性岩石,其中玄武岩原始岩浆来源于不均一地幔,安山岩岩浆由玄武岩岩浆结晶分异形成,岩浆在上升过程中未发生地壳混染作用;该区火山岩形成于早白垩世大陆板内裂谷构造背景下。     

Spreading rate dependence of gravity anomalies along oceanic transform faults

Mid-ocean ridge morphology and crustal accretion are known to depend on the spreading rate of the ridge. Slow-spreading mid-ocean-ridge segments exhibit significant crustal thinning towards transform and non-transform offsets, which is thought to arise from a three-dimensional process of buoyant mantle upwelling and melt migration focused beneath the centres of ridge segments. In contrast, fast-spreading mid-ocean ridges are characterized by smaller, segment-scale variations in crustal thickness, which reflect more uniform mantle upwelling beneath the ridge axis. Here we present a systematic study of the residual mantle Bouguer gravity anomaly of 19 oceanic transform faults that reveals a strong correlation between gravity signature and spreading rate. Previous studies have shown that slow-slipping transform faults are marked by more positive gravity anomalies than their adjacent ridge segments, but our analysis reveals that intermediate and fast-slipping transform faults exhibit more negative gravity anomalies than their adjacent ridge segments. This finding indicates that there is a mass deficit at intermediate- and fast-slipping transform faults, which could reflect increased rock porosity, serpentinization of mantle peridotite, and/or crustal thickening. The most negative anomalies correspond to topographic highs flanking the transform faults, rather than to transform troughs (where deformation is probably focused and porosity and alteration are expected to be greatest), indicating that crustal thickening could be an important contributor to the negative gravity anomalies observed. This finding in turn suggests that three-dimensional magma accretion may occur near intermediate- and fast-slipping transform faults.