Longling-Lancang fault zone in southwest Yunnan, China——A newly-generated rupture zone in Continental crust

The Longling-Lancang fault zone, consisting of sets of en echelon or clustered faults, is a newly-generated rupture zone. It is characterized by the distribution of active faults, earthquake faults and earthquakes in zones. Formed in the Early-Middle Pleistocene, still active in the late, it moves dextrally and extensionally. It tends to cut off the locked segments and discontinuous segments at first, then pervades totally along the zone, accompanied by strong earthquakes.     

西太平洋俯冲带岩石圈变形研究

全球海洋岩石圈的最大弯曲与大地震发生在俯冲带。当弯曲应力超过岩石承受范围，就会产生正断层和地震，海水沿着正断层进入上地幔并发生蛇纹石化，引发浅源地震并可能造成灾难性海啸。选取西太平洋最具代表性的日本、伊豆-小笠原、马里亚纳和雅浦俯冲带以及汤加-克马德克俯冲带，归纳近些年的地球物理观测及地球动力学模拟的结果，对比分析了不同俯冲带挠曲正断层的分布特征，并探讨了俯冲板块变形与地震之间的相关性,以揭示俯冲板片弯曲变形及相应的正断层与潜在板块水化特征。     

汶川地震的岩石圈深部结构与动力学背景

中国西部地区由于受到印度板块向北推移挤压,青藏高原强烈变形,高原内部及其边缘的活断层上经常发生强烈地震,是大陆内部最活跃的地震区.汶川8级地震就发生在青藏高原东缘的松潘一甘孜地块与扬子地块交界的龙门山主中央断裂带上.作者利用面波层析成像、跨龙门山的被动源地震观测、爆破地震剖面的结果对震源附近的岩石圈结构和动力学特征进行研究,发现松潘一甘孜地块与扬子地块的岩石圈结构与性质有重大差异.扬子地块岩石圈显示为高速、坚固和稳定特性,而松潘-甘孜地块为低速、软弱及易于破碎.在松潘-甘孜地块中,中地壳内普遍存在一个低速层,它是引起中上地亮推覆运动的滑脱层,龙门山的推覆构造就是上部地壳仰冲的结果.汶川地震震源深度为14 km,正好位于龙门山推覆体的映秀-北川主中央断裂带上.     

A great earthquake doublet and seismic stress transfer cycle in the central Kuril islands

Temporal variations of the frictional resistance on subduction-zone plate boundary faults associated with the stick-slip cycle of large interplate earthquakes are thought to modulate the stress regime and earthquake activity within the subducting oceanic plate. Here we report on two great earthquakes that occurred near the Kuril islands, which shed light on this process and demonstrate the enhanced seismic hazard accompanying triggered faulting. On 15 November 2006, an event of moment magnitude 8.3 ruptured the shallow-dipping plate boundary along which the Pacific plate descends beneath the central Kuril arc. The thrust ruptured a seismic gap that previously had uncertain seismogenic potential, although the earlier occurrence of outer-rise compressional events had suggested the presence of frictional resistance. Within minutes of this large underthrusting event, intraplate extensional earthquakes commenced in the outer rise region seaward of the Kuril trench, and on 13 January 2007, an event of moment magnitude 8.1 ruptured a normal fault extending through the upper portion of the Pacific plate, producing one of the largest recorded shallow extensional earthquakes. This energetic earthquake sequence demonstrates the stress transfer process within the subducting lithosphere, and the distinct rupture characteristics of these great earthquakes illuminate differences in seismogenic properties and seismic hazard of such interplate and intraplate faults.     

活动断层分段研究

地震发生在活动断层上,而断层活动不一定都发震,为进行地震危险性分析,确定未来可能发生地震的地段和强度。因此,把活动断层分成地震破裂段进行研究,分析断层活动在时间上、空间上的不均匀性,了解破裂段特征和分段标志,确定破坏性地震发震的构造条件是极为重要的。     

Longling-Lancang fault zone in southwest Yunnan, China

The Longling-Lancang fault zone, consisting of sets of en echelon or clustered faults, is a newly-generated rupture zone. It is characterized by the distribution of active faults, earthquake faults and earthquakes in zones. Formed in the Early-Middle Pleistocene, still active in the late, it moves dextrally and extensionally. It tends to cut off the locked segments and discontinuous segments at first, then pervades totally along the zone, accompanied by strong earthquakes.     

Stress changes from the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake and increased hazard in the Sichuan basin

On 12 May 2008, the devastating magnitude 7.9 (Wenchuan) earthquake struck the eastern edge of the Tibetan plateau, collapsing buildings and killing thousands in major cities aligned along the western Sichuan basin in China. After such a large-magnitude earthquake, rearrangement of stresses in the crust commonly leads to subsequent damaging earthquakes. The mainshock of the 12 May earthquake ruptured with as much as 9 m of slip along the boundary between the Longmen Shan and Sichuan basin, and demonstrated the complex strike-slip and thrust motion that characterizes the region. The Sichuan basin and surroundings are also crossed by other active strike-slip and thrust faults. Here we present calculations of the coseismic stress changes that resulted from the 12 May event using models of those faults, and show that many indicate significant stress increases. Rapid mapping of such stress changes can help to locate fault sections with relatively higher odds of producing large aftershocks.     

中国陆域近10年地震时空分布统计特征

对中国陆域近10年4级以上地震震中的空间分布和季节分布特征进行了统计分析，从1994年1月到2005年2月间的4级以上地震，共计966次。近10年的地震空间分布与中国陆域历史地震分布基本吻合。中国陆域地震活动与印度板块、太平洋板块及欧亚板块间的相互作用有关，与前者相关的地震位于青藏高原及其外围地区；与后者密切的地震活动集中在中国陆域南海，尤其是台湾省。同时地震活动多围绕断块的周围分布。地震震中较集中地分布在活动断裂带附近、断裂带密集分布地带以及大构造区域的边界地带。地震年际活动的季节统计分析表明，地震高峰期集中出现在春季和秋季，各年地震活动波动性最大，地震距平曲线与地球自转速度变化曲线协同，地球自转速度的季节性变化是影响地震活动的基本因素之一。     

Study on seismogenesis of the 1997 Jiashi earthquake swarm, western China

The 1997 Jiashi swarm earthquakes are relocated using the master event method improved by the authors. From the relocated hypocenters and focal mechanisms of the earthquakes, it is inferred that a pair of echelon faults, striking in northern north-west direction, right-step allocated and right-laterally moved, may exist in the earthquake swarm region. The composite focal mechanism obtained by analyzing the data of 2177 P-wave first motion polarities indicates that both mean P- and T-axis are horizontal, orienting in N19°E and N110°E respectively, and the mean B-axis is nearly vertical. The co-seismic deformation caused by this earthquake swarm is compressive nearly in North-South and extensional nearly in East-West. Obviously low earthquake stress drops are found via analyzing the source spectra of the swarm earthquakes, which may be one of the main reasons why the Jiashi earthquake swarm has lasted for a long period of time. The interaction between discontinuous segments of the echelon fault has been discussed. The result indicates that the stress drop is usually low for the earthquakes occurring on the right step echelon faults.     

The maximum coseismic vertical surface displacement and surface deformation pattern accompanying the Ms 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake

The amount of coseismic deformation and its distribution of the Wenchuan earthquake provide important scientific bases for revealing the mechanisms of earthquake preparation and characterizing the rupture propagation of the Wenchuan earthquake. The previous studies have indicated that the earthquake ruptured the middle-to-north segment of the Longmenshan central fault and the middle segment of the Longmenshan range-front fault, which are characterized by two surface rupture zones of 240 km and 90 km in length, respectively. Based on the pre-earthquake information and photos of landforms and buildings obtained through ge-ologic and geomorphic survey of the area around Shaba Village of Beichuan County, Sichuan Province and the extensive interview with local villagers, we measured the displacements of the major terrain features and the dislocated buildings by total station instruments and differential GPS and obtained the maximum vertical displacement of 9±0.5 m and right-lateral displacement of 2±0.5 m around the Zou’s house in Shaba Village. Though the near-surface deformation exhibits a normal faulting around Shaba Village, the dynamic environment has not changed on the whole. The NW wall of the fault uplifted but without gravity gliding as normally occurring on the hanging wall of a normal fault, which proves that the 9±0.5 m displacement should be the maximum coseismic vertical displacement of the May 12, 2008 Ms 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake.     

Interseismic and coseismic displacements of the Lushan Ms 7.0 earthquake inferred from leveling measurements

By using precise leveling data observed between 1985 and 2010 across the south section of the Longmenshan fault zone, and eliminating the coseismic displacements caused by the Wenchuan Ms 8.0 earthquake, the interseismic vertical deformation field was obtained. The result shows that the Lushan region, located between the Shuangshi-Dachuan fault （front range of the Long- menshan fault） and the Xinkaidian fault （south section of the Dayi fault）, is situated in the intersection zone of positive and negative vertical deformation gradient zones, indicating that this zone was locked within 25 years before the Lushan earthquake. Based on leveling data across the rupture zone surveyed between 2010 and 2013, and by eliminating the vertical deformation within 3 years before the earthquake, the coseismic vertical displacement was derived. The coseismic vertical displacement for the benchmark DD35, which is closest to the epicenter, is up to 198.4 mm （with respect to MY165A）. The coseismic dis- placement field revealed that the northwest region （hanging wall） moved upwards in comparison with the southeastern region （foot wall）, suggesting that the seismogenic fault mainly underwent thrust faulting. By comparing the coseismic and interseismic vertical deformation fields, it was found that the mechanisms of this earthquake are consistent with the elastic rebound theory; the elastic strain energy （displacement deficit） accumulated before the Lu- shan earthquake was released during this quake.     

上海及邻区地震地质背景和地震基本烈度探讨

根据深部构造、基底岩性、活动断裂、新生代断陷盆地和新构造期应力场等方面分析，上海及邻区存在有产生中强震的地质背景和三个主要潜在震源区，它们对上海会产生一定的破坏作用。从上海的地基土特性。活动断裂、历史地震、震源深度等特征结合经验公式计算，上海地区基本烈度应为７度。     

跨断层铁路简支梁桥地震响应分析

为研究跨断层铁路桥梁的地震响应,基于MATLAB平台,引用公式及参数,合成地震动,然后将人工合成的跨断层地震动输入位移模型中,分别考虑跨断层的方向性效应和滑冲效应,在不同地震动方向作用下进行非线性时程分析。考虑不同设防水准,对桥梁结构内力、位移等进行跨断层地震响应分析,进而研究不同断层距下断层效应影响。结果表明,在顺桥向+竖桥向、横桥向+竖桥向地震作用下,随着断层距的增大,桥墩的内力、支座的变形和桥墩位移的变形都在减小;不同断层距对桥梁的内力、位移变形影响较大,当断层距大于50 km时,断层效应影响较小。     

九寨沟Ms 7.0级地震的左旋走滑作用与动力机制

2017年8月8日四川九寨沟发生的Ms 7.0级地震是继2008年汶川Ms 8.0地震、2013年芦山Ms 7.0级地震后在青藏高原东缘发生的又一次强震。本文通过综合分析九寨沟Ms 7.0级地震及历史地震的震源机制解、余震和历史地震分布、区域应力场、活动断层等资料,来揭示九寨沟地震的发震构造与动力机制。初步研究结果表明:(1)此次地震的震中位于塔藏断裂、岷江断裂和虎牙断裂之间的交汇区,显示活动断裂的交汇区对此次地震的发生具有控制作用;(2)发震断裂为虎牙断裂,断裂走向为北西西向,倾向南西,倾角较陡,属于高倾角左旋走滑型地震;(3)震中位于虎牙断裂北段的北部地震空区,充填了1973年和1976年4次大于Mw6.0级地震空区;(4)此次地震位于2008年汶川Ms 8.0级地震的库仑应力增加区,应是汶川地震的应力传递和触发的结果;(5)此次地震位于巴颜喀拉块体的东北部顶角区,青藏高原东缘下地壳流向北东方向的挤出是驱动此次地震的动力机制。     

汤加-克马德克俯冲带的地质构造与地震火山特征

2022年1月15日西南太平洋的洪阿哈阿帕伊岛海底火山发生了爆炸式的剧烈喷发，吸引了全球的关注。洪阿哈阿帕伊岛海底火山位于汤加-克马德克俯冲带，综合前期研究结果，对汤加-克马德克俯冲带的地质构造特征、地震和火山分布进行初步分析，发现：（1）从汤加-克马德克俯冲带弧前向海方向直到俯冲的太平洋板块，构造上主要表现为大规模正断层。（2）路易斯维尔海山链的俯冲将汤加-克马德克俯冲带分为北部的汤加俯冲带和南部的克马德克俯冲带，沿汤加俯冲带板块汇聚率为67～84 mm/a，沿克马德克俯冲带板块汇聚率为41～58 mm/a，板块俯冲速度的差异造成汤加俯冲带和克马德克俯冲带目前俯冲深度的不同。（3）在路易斯维尔海山链以北，太平洋板块上覆沉积物厚度不足0.4 km，而在南侧达到1 km左右，由于俯冲板块上覆沉积物厚度的差异而造成北部的汤加俯冲带和南部的克马德克俯冲带孕育地震能力的差异。这些认识对研究该俯冲带的火山喷发机制、大地震成因机理及其灾害风险具有重要意义。     

Structural deformation and fault activity of the Tan-Lu Fault zone in the Bohai Sea since the late Pleistocene

The Tan-Lu Fault zone (TLFZ) is a significant fractural zone in eastern China and also a seismicity belt in North China. Based on total 4000-km-long shallow penetrated single seismic data with high-resolution, structural deformation and fault activity of the TLFZ in the Bohai Sea since the late Pleistocene are discussed in detail. The results show that the TLFZ with a discontinuous distribution and a general NNE-trending consists of 14 active subfaults with an NNE or NE strike in the Bohai Sea. Seismic data reveal that de-formation zones along the subfaults in the central Bohai Sea and the Laizhou Bay are wider and more complex than those in the Liaodong Gulf. Related folds and lots of secondary normal faults which are characterized by nearly vertical fault planes and a same or reverse dip construct the fractural zone in the Laizhou Bay and the central Bohai Sea. Usually, micro symmetrical grabens develop on the top of anticlines. In the Liaodong Gulf, subfault fractural zones usually consist of secondary normal faults with the same inclination or opposite inclination. Ages of seismic sequences and cutting relation between subfaults and seismic sequences suggest that the latest faulting age of the TLFZ is the end of the late Pleistocene in the Liaodong Gulf and the early Holocene in the Laizhou Bay and the central Bohai Sea. There is a good match between distribution of earthquakes and that of the subfaults in the Laizhou Bay and the central Bohai. Statistical result shows that total vertical offset of the TLFZ since the late Pleistocene ranges from 6 to 11 m. On the basis of offsets of the subfaults, the vertical slip rate is calculated and results show that average vertical slip rates in the central Bohai Sea are larger than those in the Liaodong Gulf and the Laizhou Bay. Slip rates more than 0.06 mm/a during 23–10 ka B.P. and 85–65 ka B.P. are larger than those in other stages. The TLFZ was mainly dominated by tensional normal component since the late Pleistocene. Synthesizing shallow deformation, activity and distribution of earthquakes, the TLFZ in the Bohai Sea can be divided into three segments: the Laizhou-Bay segment, the Bozhong segment, and the Liaodong-Gulf segment.     

广东恩开断裂带新构造活动特征

恩开断裂带是华南沿海地区重要的断裂带之一,长约160km,由3条大致平行展布的北东向断裂组成,其中苍城—海陵断裂(F₁)、均安断裂(F₂)倾向北西,鹤城—金鸡断裂(F₃)倾向南东。这3条断裂在第三纪主要作张性正断层运动。约在上新世末或第四纪初,断裂带受到北西西—南东东方向的强烈挤压,北东向断裂转为压性活动。然而,约在中更新世开始,挤压力逐渐减弱,加之,华南沿海地区水平挤压力有从南往北减弱的趋势,断裂带南段,挤压力仍足以使断裂上盘逆冲上升,形成逆断层地貌;继续往北,水平挤压力与重力大小相近,两者平衡使断层两盘处于动态稳定之中,差异升降弱;再往北,水平挤压力更弱,重力均衡使断裂再次发生正断层运动。约在晚更新世开始,区内的一系列北西向断裂形成或复活,由于与主压应力方向夹角小,断裂面摩擦力小而比北东向断裂更易发生错动,使北东向断裂多处被切。北西向断裂的活动一方面限制了北东向断裂的平移,另一方面释放了部分应变能,最终使北东向断裂的活动性降低。     

甘孜-理塘断裂带构造演化与金矿的关系

论述了川西甘孜—理塘断裂带构造演化与金矿床成矿作用的关系,总结了区内金矿化的特征和金矿床类型。研究表明,甘孜—理塘断裂带是由韧性剪切带、逆冲断裂带、断陷盆地带、推覆构造带、脆性破碎带和平移走滑带相互叠加、改造而形成的复杂断裂带。其演化历史主要经历了晚三叠世卡尼期－诺利早期的洋壳俯冲、晚三叠世诺利晚期－瑞替期弧－陆碰撞、侏罗－白垩纪陆内会聚和喜马拉雅期断陷、推覆和平移剪切构造发育演化阶段。区内金矿化、金矿床（点）和金矿体的形成和分布,明显受断裂带的控制。金矿的成矿作用与该断裂带构造发展演化密切相关。     

云南小江断裂带中段的微震活动性――PALM自动检测方法在密集台阵中的应用

利用北京大学2016—2019年在小江断裂带中段布设的20个宽频带流动测震台和云南测震台网的3个固定台站的波形数据, 对北京大学开发的地震自动检测与定位程序PALM的有效性进行测试, 完成研究区的微震检测和精定位。共检测出4355个地震事件, 是云南台网地震目录中的4.6倍, 最小完备震级Mc值从M_L1.3降至M_L 0.8, 说明PALM技术可以在高密度地震台阵中有效且准确地检测微地震并进行定位, 提高台阵地震资料分析的智能化水平和微震检测能力。基于获取的包含丰富微震事件的目录, 研究结果勾画出小江断裂带中段地震活动的最新空间分布特性, 显示小江断裂带在主断层之外发育大量次级断层, 走向大致为东北东?西南西。研究区南端可能存在一条未曾发现的隐伏断层, 宜良县柴石滩水库周边检测出密集的微震活动。     

构造应力与矿区地震

北票矿区是浅源地震的多发矿区。为研究地震机制,以地质动力区划方法查明的活动断裂为区域构造格架,将矿区简化成由１０条断裂组成的弹性平面模型,编制了计算软件。结合地震波方法,得出了１级断裂所形成的区域应力场是北票矿区地震的主要成因,断裂面失稳滑动是地震的主要表现形式,矿区开采则是地震的诱导因素的结论。