分布式环境中数据库模式设计实践

近年来,数据规模呈爆炸式增长,使得传统集中式数据库难以满足业务需求.而分布式数据库可以将数据存储在多个节点上,具有更好的扩展性,从而可以支撑业务的不断增长.目前,许多企业已经开发出了成功的分布式数据库产品,例如Google Spanner、淘宝的OceanBase等.传统数据库模式设计中,三大范式(1NF、2NF和3NF)及其扩展范式能够减少数据冗余和更新异常,并保证数据的完整性.然而,在分布式架构下,严格遵循范式的模式设计可能带来查询效率较低等问题,而使用反范式模式设计方法通常可以有效提高查询效率.OceanBase是淘宝自主研发的分布式数据库,支持跨行跨表事务,并在OLTP中具有良好的性能,但是对于OLAP业务,其性能并不高.本文将以OceanBase为例,介绍如何利用反范式设计分布式数据库模式,以改善OLAP的查询性能,并通过在OceanBase上部署TPC-H基准评测验证了反范式模式设计的有效性和高效性.     

一种面向海量分布式数据库的嵌套查询策略

面向大数据分析和处理的NoSQL数据库具有非常好的读写性能和可扩展性,但是无法支持完整的SQL查询和跨行跨表的事务,对于传统的以关系数据库为主的金融业务在应用上有所限制.OceanBase是面向海量数据查询的分布式数据库,结合了关系数据库和非关系数据库的优势,同时支持关系查询和跨行跨表事务,具有可扩展性.但是,目前OceanBase只支持简单的、非嵌套子查询的SQL语句,无法很好地支持金融应用.本文在研究OceanBase架构和查询策略的基础上,提出了一种基于BloomFilter和HashMap的查询策略,实验表明该策略能够提高和改善现有查询策略的不足,在实现嵌套查询的基础上,可提高查询性能.     

面向OLAP应用的OceanBase模式设计

随着大数据时代的来临,用户查询需求也越来越复杂,对数据库的可扩展性和SQL查询效率都提出了很高的要求.OceanBase是Alibaba研发的适应互联网规模的关系型分布式数据库,能够做到可扩展、低成本、高可用,并能应用到很多业务场景,包括OLTP和OLAP.然而,当前发布的最新OceanBase只支持主键索引,还不能支持二级索引.其次,OceanBase在连接上没有并行处理,使得查询效率较低.因此,为了能够使用主键索引及减少连接来加快查询速率,OceanBase模式设计是必要的.本文主要以TPC-H的22个查询为OLAP的研究案例,分析传统数据库的模式设计,并提出OceanBase分布式数据库下的模式设计规则,最后将会通过实验来验证这套模式设计规则的有效性.     

一致性协议在分布式数据库系统中的应用

近年来分布式数据库产品层出不穷,但分布式数据库较于单机数据库更复杂,为了让系统可用,设计者需要采用一致性协议来保证分布式数据库系统中的可用性和一致性这两个重要特性.保证一致性需要使用一致性协议为并发的事务更新操作确定一个全局的执行顺序,并协调局部状态和全局状态不断的达成动态一致;保证可用性需要一致性协议协调多副本之间的一致来实现主备节点的无缝切换.因此分布式一致性协议是实现分布式数据库系统的重要基础.详细介绍了经典的分布式一致性协议以及在目前常见的几种分布式数据库系统中一致性协议的应用,并从读写操作、节点类型与网络通信等方面进行对比分析.     

基于Raft一致性协议的高可用性实现

随着互联网的快速发展和大数据时代的来临,传统数据库的局限性开始逐渐显现,而支持海量数据存储和高并发访问的分布式数据库系统越来越流行.在此背景下阿里巴巴集团研发了一款适用于海量数据存储的分布式数据库系统(OceanBase),并提供单集群和多集群两种部署模式.但多集群部署模式下的可用性较低,无法满足关键性应用的需求,包括:发生故障时不支持主备集群的自动切换;主备集群之间无法保证日志的强同步.针对上述问题,本文分析了传统数据库的高可用方案,针对OceanBase架构的特点,结合了Raft算法的思想,设计并实现了基于时间戳的分布式选举模块、自动化的集群切换模块和基于QUORUM策略的日志强同步模块.经实验验证,以上模块的实现能够提高系统整体的可用性.     

基于分布式系统OceanBase的并行连接

随着应用数据的飞速增长以及分布式数据库系统的不断涌现,数据存储在物理独立的节点已经成为一种趋势.在这种情况下,当应用需要进行复杂join查询时,就会不可避免地产生非常多的网络传输代价.所以,如何提高分布式系统中join查询的效率成为研究热点.本文在分析分布式数据库系统OceanBase执行nested loop join、Hash join、semi-join等算法的基础上,提出了合理利用硬件资源采用多线程并行执行join操作的优化思想,并在OceanBase数据库中分别对nested loop join、Hash join、semi-join等算法进行了并行改造.实验结果表明,在一定线程数内join算法执行效率与并行度呈正相关.     

高可用数据库系统中的分布式一致性协议

可用性和一致性是分布式数据库系统中的两个重要特性和基础,需要借助分布式一致性协议来保证.保证一致性需要使用一致性协议为并发的事务更新操作确定一个全局的执行顺序,并协调局部状态和全局状态不断地达到动态一致.可用性的实现,需要一致性协议协调多副本之间的一致来实现主备节点的无缝切换.可见,分布式一致性协议是高可用数据库系统的实现基础.本文梳理、综述了经典的分布式一致性协议以及一致性协议在高可用数据库系统中的主要应用,并对分布式一致性协议的实现代价和局限性进行了分析与评估.     

OceanBase中基于布隆过滤器的连接算法

在大数据时代,"去IOE"运动的推进以及"双11"等活动的兴起对分布式数据库系统提出了更高的要求.OceanBase是阿里巴巴集团自主研发的开源分布式数据库,支持海量数据跨行跨表事务,但是对复杂查询的处理性能仍有待提高,其中连接操作带来的网络传输严重影响了数据库的性能.本文提出了一种基于布隆过滤器的连接算法,通过构建布隆过滤器对右表数据进行过滤,减少了不必要的数据传输开销,降低了数据处理带来的内存资源的消耗.本文在OceanBase上实现了该算法,并通过实验证明,该算法极大提高了连接操作的效率.     

基于一致性哈希算法的分布式数据库索引查询优化方法

为了解决分布式数据库索引查询负载不平衡的问题,基于一致性哈希算法设计了分布式数据库索引查询优化方法.根据分布式数据库服务器节点CPU处理能力、带宽和缓存大小,采用动态反馈机制计算各服务器节点的索引查询负载率,通过一致性哈希负载平衡算法将任务分配给各服务器节点,并实时调整负载.以最小总代价为目标,利用多蚁群算法求得最佳查询路径.实验结果显示,基于一致性哈希算法的优化方法整体曲线趋势较平稳,在用户请求数量为4 000条时,最大负载平衡度为1.5%,全程响应时间小于35 ms.这说明该方法能够有效调整分布式数据库的负载分布,且受数据库规模影响较小,具备强大的查询响应能力.     

OceanBase关系数据库架构

传统关系数据库本质上是单机系统,通常采用昂贵的高端服务器和高端存储,难以应对互联网应用的高可扩展、高性能、高可用和低成本的挑战.OceanBase是阿里巴巴研制的开源分布式无共享关系数据库,采用主流通用PC服务器,很好地满足了互联网对关系数据库的需求.OceanBase已经用于淘宝、天猫和支付宝的多个生产系统.本文介绍了OceanBase关系数据库系统的架构、目标和系统特点,特别分析了基于该系统架构的读写事务流程.     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

Perspherical Approaches for Electrons in Atoms and Charged Excitons in Quantum Wells

Instead of following Fock’s expansion,we solve the Schrodinger equation for some quantum mechanical manybody systems such as electrons in atoms and charged excitons in quantum wells in a similar way in hyperspherical coordinates by expanding the wave functions into orthonormal complete basis sets of the hyperspherical hannonics(HHs)of hyperangles and generalized Laguerre polynomials(GLPs)of the hyperradius.This leads the equation to     

Advances in broadband wireless communications under high-mobility scenarios

Future mobile communication systems aim at providing very high data transmission rates, even in high-mobility scenarios such as high-speed wheel-track trains, maglev trains, highway vehicles, airplanes, guided missiles or spacecraft. A particularly important commercial application is the strong and increasing worldwide demand for high- speed broadband wireless communications （up to 574.8 km/ h test speeds or 380 km/h commercial speeds） in railways, providing data, voice and video services for applications such as onboard entertainment services to passengers, train control, train dispatch, train sensor status handling and sur- veillance. In such high-mobility scenarios, there are a number of communication challenges, including fast hand- over, location updating, high-speed channel modeling, estimation and equalization, anti-Doppler spreading tech- niques, fast power control, and dedicated network architec- ture. Because signal transmission in very high-speed scenarios will inevitably experience serious deterioration, it is imperative to develop key broadband mobile communi- cation techniques for such high-speed vehicles.     

Wuhan University Journal of Natural Sciences TOTAL CONTENTS

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海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

Scale-based spatial data model for GIS

Being the primary media of geographical information and the elementary objects manipulated, almost all of maps adopt the layer-based model to represent geographic information in the existent GIS. However, it is difficult to extend the map represented in layer-based model. Furthermore, in Web-Based GIS, It is slow to transmit the spatial data for map viewing. In this paper, for solving the questions above, we have proposed a new method for representing the spatial data. That is scale-based model. In this model we represent maps in three levels: scale-view, block, and spatial object, and organize the maps in a set of map layers, named Scale-View, which associates some given scales.Lastly, a prototype Web-Based GIS using the proposed spatial data representation is described briefly.     

Exciton Seebeck in Molecular Systems

Various applications relevant to the exciton dynamics,such as the organic solar cell,the large-area organic light-emitting diodes and the thermoelectricity,are operating under temperature gradient.The potential abnormal behavior of the exicton dynamics driven by the temperature difference may affect the efficiency and performance of the corresponding devices.In the above situations,the exciton dynamics under temperature difference is mixed with     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to