New pyrometallurgical process of EAF dust treatment with CaO addition

The non-carbothermic zinc pyrometallurgical processing of electric arc furnace (EAF) dust was investigated on a laboratory scale. The main objective of this process was to convert highly stable zinc ferrite (ZnFe₂O₄), which accounts for more than half of total zinc in the EAF dust, into ZnO and Ca₂Fe₂O₅ by CaO addition. The EAF dust was mixed with CaO powder in various ratios, pressed into pellets, and heated in a muffle furnace in air at temperatures ranging from 700 to 1100℃ for a predetermined holding time. All ZnFe₂O₄ was transformed into ZnO and Ca₂Fe₂O₅ at a minimum temperature of 900℃ within 1 h when sufficient CaO to achieve a Ca/Fe molar ratio of 1.1 was added. However, at higher temperatures, excess CaO beyond the stoichiometric ratio was required because it was consumed by reactions leading to the formation of compounds other than ZnFe₂O₄. The evaporation of halides and heavy metals in the EAF dust was also studied. These components could be preferentially volatilized into the gas phase at 1100℃ when CaO was added.     

Effect of continuous induction annealing on the microstructure and mechanical properties of copper-clad aluminum flat bars

Copper-clad aluminum (CCA) flat bars produced by the continuous casting–rolling process were subjected to continuous induction heating annealing (CIHA), and the effects of induction heating temperature and holding time on the microstructure, interface, and mechanical properties of the flat bars were investigated. The results showed that complete recrystallization of the copper sheath occurred under CIHA at 460°C for 5 s, 480°C for 3 s, or 500°C for 1 s and that the average grain size in the copper sheath was approximately 10.0 μm. In the case of specimens subjected to CIHA at 460–500°C for longer than 1 s, complete recrystallization occurred in the aluminum core. In the case of CIHA at 460–500°C for 1–5 s, a continuous interfacial layer with a thickness of 2.5–5.5 μm formed and the thickness mainly increased with increasing annealing temperature. After CIHA, the interfacial layer consisted primarily of a Cu₉Al₄ layer and a CuAl₂ layer; the average interface shear strength of the CCA flat bars treated by CIHA at 460–500°C for 1–5 s was 45–52 MPa. After full softening annealing, the hardness values of the copper sheath and the aluminum core were HV 65 and HV 24, respectively, and the hardness along the cross section of the CCA flat bar was uniform.     

Microstructure and cementitious properties of calcined clay-containing gangue

To investigate the optimum calcination temperature and cementitious properties of gangue, the microstructure of clay-containing gangue calcined at different temperatures was analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), infrared spectroscopy (IR), and magnetic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (MAS NMR). The results show that the structure of kaolinite in the gangue sample calcined at 500℃ is destroyed. The XRD spectra show the disappearance of illite at about 800℃ and the formation ofmullite at about 1000℃. With the increase in calcination temperature, octahedral (6-coordinated) aluminum is transformed to tetrahedral (4-coordinated) aluminum gradually. For the gangue sample calcined at 700℃, the 29Si MAS NMR sharp peak of Q4 (framework silicate-quartz) is left. Compared with kaolinite in gangue, the thermal transformed temperature of pure kaolinite is lagged. On the basis of the microstructure and cementitious properties of calcined gangue, the results can be concluded, in order to obtain metakaolinite, the optimum calcination temperature of this gangue is about 500℃, and the optimum temperature is about 700℃ for activated SiO₂ and Al₂O₃.     

Specific structural features of LnZrOx (Ln: La, Sm) mixed oxides prepared by different methods

LnZrOx(Ln: La, Sm) mixed oxides of Ln: Zr = 1 were prepared by different methods(complex polymerized method, sorption of cations on starch from aqueous salt solution and conventional co-precipitation with additional redispersion of precipitate by ultra sound) and calcined at 700–1300 °C. Their specific structural features and changes were studied and discussed. Various characterization methods were used such as X-ray diffraction,Electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared and Raman spectroscopy, UV–Vis spectroscopy, X-Ray absorption fine structure and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.The formation of pyrochlore structure occurred at 1100–1300 °C from fluorite-like pseudocubic phase ZrO_2 regardless the method of preparation. This phase had a block-like structure consisting of ZrO_2 nanocrystals stabilized by Ln cations and residual anions such as hydroxyls and carbonates. The desorption of such anions with heating already started at 900 °C and lead to local changes of Zr cations coordination to octahedral and to the formation of pyrochlore nanodomains inclusions within fluorite-like phase. The increased cation mobility and further elimination of anions caused by further heating was accompanied by the formation of bulk pyrochlore phase at 1100–1300 °C. Even after calcination at 1300 °C the local microheterogeneity as well as defects were identified at domains boundaries or sintered microstructure. These specific features of the formed pyrochlores depend on the method of preparation.     

一种新型正电胶(Y-1)的研制

通过结晶氯化铝加热并水化合成一种新型正电胶Y-1,其生产工艺简单,产品的回收率高,生产成本和原料成本比现有的正电胶生产工艺低。性能测试表明:该正电胶与其它处理剂的配伍性好,在各种钻井液体系中加入Y-1后,钻井液的流变性、抑制性、抗膏盐污染能力等多项指标均优于用现有正电胶配制的钻井液体系,加有该正电胶的钻井液体系的动切应力高、动塑比值高、塑性粘度低、水眼粘度低、卡森切力及剪切稀释指数高、初终切力高且相近等,其正电胶特性比现有的产品更为突出;由该正电胶组成的钻井液体系能抗2%石膏、10%氯化钠的复合盐污染,至少能抗140℃以上的高温,且页岩回收率大于90%,由此说明该正电胶是一种优良的钻井液添加剂。     

Effect of initial microstructure on austenite formation kinetics in high-strength experimental microalloyed steels

Austenite formation kinetics in two high-strength experimental microalloyed steels with different initial microstructures compris-ing bainite–martensite and ferrite–martensite/austenite microconstituents was studied during continuous heating by dilatometric analysis. Austenite formation occurred in two steps:(1) carbide dissolution and precipitation and (2) transformation of residual ferrite to austenite. Di-latometric analysis was used to determine the critical temperatures of austenite formation and continuous heating transformation diagrams for heating rates ranging from 0.03°C×s?1 to 0.67°C×s?1. The austenite volume fraction was fitted using the Johnson–Mehl–Avrami–Kolmogorov equation to determine the kinetic parameters k and n as functions of the heating rate. Both n and k parameters increased with increasing heat-ing rate, which suggests an increase in the nucleation and growth rates of austenite. The activation energy of austenite formation was deter-mined by the Kissinger method. Two activation energies were associated with each of the two austenite formation steps. In the first step, the austenite growth rate was controlled by carbon diffusion from carbide dissolution and precipitation;in the second step, it was controlled by the dissolution of residual ferrite to austenite.     

Carbothermic reduction behaviors of Ti-Nb-bearing Fe concentrate from Bayan Obo ore in China

To support the development of technology to utilize low-grade Ti-Nb-bearing Fe concentrate, the reduction of the concentrate by coal was systematically investigated in the present paper. A liquid phase formed when the Ti-Nb-bearing Fe concentrate/coal composite pellet was reduced at temperatures greater than 1100℃. The addition of CaCO₃ improved the reduction rate when the slag basicity was less than 1.0 and inhibited the formation of the liquid phase. Mechanical milling obviously increased the metallization degree compared with that of the standard pellet when reduced under the same conditions. Evolution of the mineral phase composition and microstructure of the reduced Ti-Nb-bearing Fe concentrate/coal composite pellet at 1100℃ were analyzed by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy-energy-dispersive spectroscopy. The volume shrinkage value of the reduced Ti-Nb-bearing Fe concentrate/coal composite pellet with a basicity of 1.0 was approximately 35.2% when the pellet was reduced at 1100℃ for 20 min, which enhanced the external heat transfer to the lower layers when reduced in a practical rotary hearth furnace. The present work provides key parameters and mechanism understanding for the development of carbothermic reduction technology of a Ti-Nb-bearing Fe concentrate incorporated in a pyrometallurgical utilization flow sheet.     

FeCrAl不锈钢的平衡凝固相变与析出行为

借助Thermo-calc软件对FeCrAl不锈钢所属的Fe-(18~21)Cr-(3~5)Al-(0~0.03)C-(0~0.2)Si-(0~0.2)Mn多元体系在凝固过程中的相变及析出行为进行了研究.采用Thermo-calc中TCFE7数据库对该体系的垂直截面图进行计算,分析了不同组元对凝固和冷却过程中相变的影响,并得到FeCrAl不锈钢的平衡凝固相变路径图.结果表明FeCrAl不锈钢由1600℃平衡冷却至300℃的过程中完整的平衡相变路径为:L→AlN+αδFe→AlN+αδFe+Cr7 C3→AlN+αδFe+Cr7 C3+Cr23 C6→AlN+αδFe+Cr23 C6→AlN+αδFe+Cr23 C6+σ→AlN+αδFe+Cr23 C6+σ+α'→AlN+αδFe+Cr23 C6+α'.凝固过程中Cr7 C3与σ相是否析出分别取决于体系中C、Si含量;Al含量的提高可扩大αδFe+Cr7 C3的稳定区,降低α'相的析出温度,抑制σ相的析出;Cr含量的提高可以减小αδFe+Cr7 C3的稳定区,扩大σ相和α'相的稳定区.     

MgO-C材料在氮气气氛下的物相演化及其力学性能研究

以电熔镁砂、天然鳞片石墨、煤沥青、Al粉及Si粉为主要原料,以热固性酚醛树脂为结合剂,混匀后压制成MgO-C材料试样。将试样在氮气气氛下分别经1000℃×3h、1200℃×3h、1400℃×3h热处理,研究热处理温度对材料物相组成、显微结构及力学性能的影响。结果表明,1000℃热处理后,试样中Al消失,反应生成了柱状AlN和八面体状MgAl2O4,此温度下Si尚未参与反应;1200℃热处理后,Si开始反应生成六边形板状的SiC,镶嵌在镁砂基体中,提高了试样的高温抗折强度和热震后残余抗折强度;1400℃热处理后,试样中除有柱状AlN和八面体状MgAl2O4生成外,还有较多晶须状SiC和针状β-Si3N4生成,形成了良好的非氧化物结合,使得材料具有优良的高温力学性能和抗热震性能。     

Microstructural evolution during ultra-rapid annealing of severely deformed low-carbon steel: strain,temperature, and heating rate effects

An interaction between ferrite recrystallization and austenite transformation in low-carbon steel occurs when recrystallization is delayed until the intercritical temperature range by employing high heating rate. The kinetics of recrystallization and transformation is affected by high heating rate and such an interaction. In this study, different levels of strain are applied to low-carbon steel using a severe plastic deformation method. Then, ultra-rapid annealing is performed at different heating rates of 200–1100℃/s and peak temperatures of near critical temperature. Five regimes are proposed to investigate the effects of heating rate, strain, and temperature on the interaction between recrystallization and transformation. The microstructural evolution of severely deformed low-carbon steel after ultra-rapid annealing is investigated based on the proposed regimes. Regarding the intensity and start temperature of the interaction, different microstructures consisting of ferrite and pearlite/martensite are formed. It is found that when the interaction is strong, the microstructure is refined because of the high kinetics of transformation and recrystallization. Moreover, strain shifts an interaction zone to a relatively higher heating rate. Therefore, severely deformed steel should be heated at relatively higher heating rates for it to undergo a strong interaction.     

Nano to micro size transition of hydroxyapatite in porcine bone during heat treatment with low heating rates

This work focuses on the changes of raw hydroxyapatite obtained from porcine bones during heat treatment with heating rates of 2.5 and 5.0 °C/min between 600 °C and 1100 °C. High-Resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) images showed that raw hydroxyapatite was formed by high-ordered nanometric platelet crystals with a length of around 18 nm and width around 7 nm. High-Resolution scanning electron microscopy (HR-SEM) images evidenced the coalescence phenomena during heating giving. It was found that the growth of the crystals and the transition from nano to a micro-size occurred at around 700 °C. And the changes in the full width at half maximum (FWHM) for the characteristic (002) plane of the X-ray diffraction patterns and the FWHM of the characteristic Raman band at 960 cm-1 for ν1 PO43- exhibited the transition from nano to a micro size, that was confirmed by HR-SEM images and the thermogravimetric (TG) analysis. The porosity of the BIO-HAp changes from intra nanometric to intercrystalline.     

热处理对N36锆合金腐蚀与吸氢性能的影响

将N36锆合金样品分别进行1 020 ℃/20 min WQ+C.R.+580 ℃/50 h AC、820 ℃/2 h AC+580 ℃/50 h AC、820 ℃/2 h AC+C.R.+580 ℃/50 h AC、700 ℃/4 h AC+C.R.+580 ℃/50 h AC 4种不同的热处理.用透射电镜观察了它们的显微组织,用高压釜腐蚀试验研究了它们在400 ℃/10.3 MPa过热水蒸气中的腐蚀与吸氢行为.结果表明：经1 020 ℃/20 min WQ+C.R.+580 ℃/50 h AC处理后样品的耐腐蚀性能最好,其原因在于合金中第二相细小弥散分布在晶界及晶内;而经820 ℃/2 h AC+580 ℃/50 h AC处理后样品的耐腐蚀性能最差,第二相主要集中在晶界上,且比较粗大.经820 ℃/2 h AC+C.R.+580 ℃/50 h AC、700 ℃/4 h AC+C.R.+580 ℃/50 h AC处理的样品的腐蚀性能介于两者之间.热处理对N36锆合金腐蚀时的吸氢行为有一定的影响,但不如对Zr 4合金的影响大,这可能是因为N36锆合金中的第二相吸氢能力不如Zr 4合金中的Zr(Fe,Cr)2第二相强的缘故.     

致密热解碳层的混合气体包覆工艺研究

致密热解碳层是高温气冷堆包覆燃料颗粒的关键组成。该文介绍了在流化床包覆炉中采用丙烯（Ｃ３Ｈ６）和乙炔（Ｃ２Ｈ２）的混合气体作为反应体系的包覆工艺，以消除只用丙烯作为包覆气体时产生的热效应。讨论了包覆工艺参数（沉积温度、乙炔浓度等）对致密热解碳层的密度、沉积速率和碳利用率的影响，确定了制备致密热解碳层的最佳工艺条件。研究的结果在生产规模流化床包覆炉中得到了验证和实际应用。     

Influence of aluminium nitride as a foaming agent on the preparation of foam glass-ceramics from high-titanium blast furnace slag

To effectively reuse high-titanium blast furnace slag (TS), foam glass-ceramics were successfully prepared by powder sintering at 1000℃. TS and waste glass were used as the main raw materials, aluminium nitride (AlN) as the foaming agent, and borax as the fluxing agent. The influence of the amount of AlN added (1wt%–5wt%) on the crystalline phases, microstructure, and properties of the produced foam glass-ceramics was studied. The results showed that the main crystal phases were perovskite, diopside, and augite. With increasing AlN content, a transformation from diopside to augite occurred and the crystallinity of the pyroxene phases slightly decreased. Initially, the average pore size and porosity of the foam glass-ceramics increased and subsequently decreased; similarly, their bulk density and compressive strength decreased and subsequently increased. The optimal properties were obtained when the foam glass-ceramics were prepared by adding 4wt% AlN.     

Optimum sintering conditions for optical properties of translucent aluminum nitride ceramics

High translucency is one of the excellent properties of AlN ceramics because of its wide optical band gap energy of 6.2 eV. We have achieved success in producing AlN ceramic tube of 98% total visible light transmittance at 0.6 mm thick tube wall by applying an improved sintering technique. This AlN ceramic was produced by sintering at 1880℃ using Ca3Al2O6 as a sintering additive and in reduction atmosphere to remove the sintering additive from the final sintered material. After the sintering, the annealing ...     

Interface microstructure and formation mechanism of ultrasonic spot welding for Al–Ti dissimilar metals

The present study focuses on interface microstructure and joint formation. AA6061 aluminum alloy (Al) and commercial pure ti-tanium (Ti) joints were welded by ultrasonic spot welding (USW). The welding energy was 1100–3200 J. The Al–Ti joint appearance and in-terface microstructure were observed mainly via optical microscopy and field emission scanning electron microscopy. Results indicated that a good joint can be achieved only with proper welding energy of 2150 J. No significant intermetallic compound (IMC) was found under all con-ditions. The high energy barriers of Al–Ti and difficulties in diffusion were the main reasons for the absence of IMC according to kinetic ana-lysis. The heat input is crucial for the material plastic flow and bonding area, which plays an important role in the joint formation.     

硼镁石与碳酸钙混合煅烧-还原提镁研究

基于硼镁石与碳酸钙混合料的煅烧实验和真空铝热还原实验,研究了碳酸钙量、成型压力、煅烧条件对熟料物相、原料烧损率、镁还原率的影响.结果表明,添加碳酸钙,在煅烧过程中Ca O可置换出Mg3B2O6,Mg2B2O5中的Mg O,并且在还原过程中Ca12Al14O33的形成有利于Mg O的还原.煅烧温度过高会降低Mg O活性,不利于后续铝热还原.增大成型压力,有利于Ca3B2O6的形成.但成型压力过大,在相同煅烧条件下,矿石的烧损率较低,镁还原率较低.碳酸钙与硼镁石以mCa/ms=1.9配比混合,在90 MPa压力制团,在1100℃下煅烧120 min后,铝热还原的镁还原率可达85%以上,实现硼、镁有效分离.     

Microstructural evolution of a heat-treated H23 tool steel

The microstructure and the stability of carbides after heat treatments in an H23 tool steel were investigated. The heat treatments consisted of austenization at two different austenizing temperatures (1100℃ and 1250℃), followed by water quenching and double-aging at 650℃, 750℃, and 800℃ with air cooling between the first and second aging treatments. Martensite did not form in the as-quenched microstructures, which consisted of a ferrite matrix, M₆C, M₇C₃, and MC carbides. The double-aged microstructures consisted of a ferrite matrix and MC, M₆C, M₇C₃, and M₂₃C₆ carbides. Secondary hardening as a consequence of secondary precipitation of fine M₂C carbides did not occur. There was disagreement between the experimental microstructure and the results of thermodynamic calculations. The highest double-aged hardness of the H23 tool steel was 448 HV after austenization at 1250℃ and double-aging at 650℃, which suggested that this tool steel should be used at temperatures below 650℃.     

铝合金活塞红外线加热热疲劳实验台架研究

针对铝合金活塞 (特别是高强化特种车用发动机铝合金活塞 )的材料温度场的特点 ,利用红外线加热及一系列冷却调整、控制措施 ,保证自行设计的热疲劳实验台架对铝合金活塞的热模拟精度 ,并使该台架具有了进行高频影响下低频热疲劳实验研究的能力