Single photon response of superconducting nanowire single photon detector

Single photon detection is one of the key technologies for quantum key distribution in quantum communication. As a novel single photon detection technology, superconducting nanowire single photon detector (SNSPD) surpasses conventional semiconducting single photon detectors with high count rate and low dark count rate. In this article, we introduce SNSPD fabricated from NbN ultrathin superconducting film and lab-based SNSPD system. The characteristics of single photon response pulse of SNSPD are analyzed in detail. Also discussed is the relationship between waveform of single photon response and system bandwidth. Circuit model is made to analyze the performance of SNSPD. The simulation result agrees well with the experimental data. Those results are valuable for understanding the mechanism of SNSPD and building future SNSPD system for quantum communication.     

Applying Gaussian quantum discord to quantum key distribution

In this paper, we theoretically prove that the Gaussian quantum discord state of optical field can be used to complete continuous variable （CV） quantum key distri- bution （QKD）. The calculation shows that secret key can be distilled with a Gaussian quantum discord state against entangling cloner attack. Secret key rate is increased with the increasing of quantum discord for CV QKD with the Gaussian quantum discord state. Although the calculated results point out that secret key rate using the Gaussian quantum discord state is lower than that using squeezed state and coherent state at the same energy level, we demonstrate that the Gaussian quantum discord, which only involving quantum correlation without the existence of entanglement, may provide a new resource for realizing CV QKD.     

Active phase compensation of quantum key distribution system

Quantum key distribution （QKD） system must be robust enough in practical communication. Besides birefringence of fiber, system performance is notably affected by phase drift. The Faraday-Michelson QKD system can auto-compensate the birefringence of fiber, but phase shift is still a serious problem in its practical operation. In this paper, the major reason of phase drift and its effect on Faraday- Michelson QKD system is analyzed and an effective active phase compensation scheme is proposed. By this means, we demonstrate a quantum key distribution system which can stably run over 37-km fiber in practical working condition with the long-time averaged quantum bit error rate of 1.59% and the standard derivation of 0.46%. This result shows that the active phase compensation scheme is suitable to be used in practical QKD systems based on double asymmetric interferometers without additional devices and thermal controller.     

基于贝尔态的确定性量子密钥分配协议

提出了一种基于贝尔态的确定性量子密钥分配协议.它建立在纠缠量子系统的内部关联的基础上,双方通过共享纠缠量子系统和做单粒子量子测量建立起共享的密钥.与传统的只能生成随机字符串作为密钥的量子密钥分配协议不同,利用该协议,双方可以以任意指定的字符串作为共享的密钥.量子力学的定律保证了该协议的无条件安全性.除了单粒子量子测量之外,不需要做任何复杂的量子操作,因此它更容易实现,健壮性更好.     

基于诱骗态方法的量子密钥分发

诱骗态量子密钥分发方法成功地解决了光子数分离攻击的安全性漏洞,并且使得人们实现了长距离的量子密钥分发.回顾了量子密钥分发的发展过程,从BB84协议至三强度诱骗态方法的实现.并且详细叙述了如何通过输入参数来获得绝对安全密钥的成码率.     

Real-time compensation of phase drift for phase-encoded quantum key distribution systems

Phase drift is an inherent problem in phase-encoded quantum key distribution(QKD) systems.The current active phase trackingand compensation solutions cannot satisfy the requirements of a system with nonlinearity in phase modulation.This paper presents a four-phase scanning method,which is based on the quantitative analysis of the quantum bit error rate(QBER) from phasedrift and the performance requirements of phase compensation.By obtaining the four interference fringes and adjusting the codingmatrix of the system,this method automatically calculates the accurate driving voltages for the phase modulator.The implementation and experimental tests show that the proposed method can compensate phase drift caused by environmental changes and thesystem’s nonlinearity,and is applicable to large-scale QKD networks.     

基于USB的量子密钥分发系统中高速数据通道的设计

提出了一种量子密钥分发(QKD,quantum key distribution)系统中高速数据通道的设计方案—基于通用串行总线(USB,universal serial bus)的数据通道。通过对QKD系统中经典信道数据带宽的分析,设计了USB数据通道方案,并通过USB的速度的测试给出合适的USB参数。实验表明,此数据通道可以适应光子发射频率为20 MHz的QKD系统,且在带宽方面有很大的余量,可以适应后续QKD系统速度提升的需求。     

量子通信中的量子加密网络

对量子密钥分发协议进行了研究，利用点－点量子密钥分发协议的基础上，基于传统密钥托管方案，推广到多点之间（即在网络环境下）的密钥分发协议，提出了多用户、多控制中心网络环境下量子密钥分发过程的实现方法。各中心节点只起到密钥存储、Bell基联合测量、对密钥进行接力传送的作用，密钥是动态产生的，各中心并不知道最终生成的密钥。     

一种新的量子密钥分发、认证协议

为了提高量子密钥的分发效率,降低信道要求,并在密钥分发过程中实现身份认证,提出了一种新的量子密钥分发协议,在该协议中载波光子的发送与接收仅由一方完成.该协议只有一条量子信道,通过在量子信道的中段对光子进行偏振调制,可将欲传递的信息附加到光子上;同时,该协议通过通信双方的共享信息进行身份认证,避免了以往同类协议中不安全的经典信道.该协议属于偏振光类型的量子传输协议.当收发均由一方进行时,能有效地提高光子的利用效率,并增强安全性能.     

Delayed error verification in quantum key distribution

Quantum key distribution （QKD） provides an unconditional secure key generation method between two distant legitimate parties Alice and Bob based on the fundamental properties of quantum mechanics, in the presence of an eavesdropper Eve. Since key reconciliation cannot always assure that the reconciled keys between Alice and Bob are identical, error verification is an important step in QKD. In this paper, we propose a scheme of delayed error verification using extra keys gained by privacy amplification with an arbitrarily small failure probability. The proposed scheme simplifies the postprocessing procedure in QKD, which can be applied in practical QKD systems.     

基于纠缠交换的第三方密钥分配

为了提高量子密钥分配协议的安全性,采用量子纠缠交换中一个有趣的规律,实现了基于纠缠交换的第三方密钥分配协议.在基于认证的基础上,能有效抵抗TC不诚实引起的安全问题,具有较高的传输效率.     

一种适用于量子密钥分配网络的组密钥协商方案

为了更好地在QKD(Quantum Key Distribution)中服务多用户组播通信,在量子密钥成对产生的特殊应用背景基础上,构建了组密钥协商模型,提出了一种基于分簇结构和二进制编码的组密钥协商方案.该方案消耗少量的端端量子密钥,经过安全协商,得到一致的组密钥.当新成员加入或者旧成员离开时,密钥更新快速易行.分析发现,该方案具有较好的安全性.     

量子密钥分配技术——信息时代安全之“盾”

 介绍了密码技术,解释了密码危机的由来。对称密码体制中的密钥分配是维护信息安全的核心问题,自20世纪70年代研发的公钥密码体制存在多种隐患,它们难以保证密钥分配中的绝对安全。论述了量子密钥分配技术的原理及研发进展。     

A universal coherent source for quantum key distribution

We propose a concept of universal coherent source for quantum key distribution. The weak coherent pulse （WCP） and heralded single photon source （HSPS） are the most common photon sources for state-of-art quantum key distribution （QKD）. However, there exists a prominent crossover between the maximal secure distance and the secure key generating rate in short and middle distance if one applies these two sources in a practical decoy state quantum key distribution. It is shown that by combining the heralded pair coherent state （HPCS） photon source and the practical decoy state method together, one can not only strengthen the maximal secure transmission distance, but also improve key generat- ing rate at short and medium distance. Moreover, the advancement in key generating is not confined in the particular protocol utilized and can be easily checked for both BB84 and SARG protocol. Finally, we clearly demonstrate how the HPCS-based decoy method works effectively and feasibly by proposing an efficient HPCS-based ＂1 signal＋2 decoy＂ state method,     

通信密码学前瞻:量子密码技术

安全性是密码学研究一直追求的目标,最近取得飞速发展的量子加密技术综合了量力学原理和经典密码术,具有可证明的安全性,同时还能对窃听者的非法侵入进行检测,克服了传统密友学的桎梏,为未来的网络通信提供了真正确实的保障。     

基于纠缠交换的量子密钥分发

为了提高量子密钥分发的效率,提出了一种基于纠缠交换的密钥分配方案。该方案无需交换经典信息且不要进行任何酉操作,通信双方通过纠缠交换并利用贝尔测量即可生成密钥;除去少量用于检测量子信道安全的量子位,其余量子位都可以用来生成密钥,且每两对纠缠粒子就可以生成密钥的两个比特位。利用Stinespring Dilation定理证明了该方案的安全性并给出了效率分析。     

自由空间量子密钥分发中信号发生与处理方案

针对自由空间量子密钥分发系统中的随机信号发生及数据采集这一难题,提出了一种利用在LabVIEW环境下开发的虚拟仪器程序来控制数字I/O板卡的解决方案.发送端利用程序控制高速数字输入/输出板卡,产生随机信号用于实现光子路径的随机选择.接收端采用缓冲周期测量的计数方式,采用两个计数器记录两路随机信号的信息,通过程序来完成对计数器板卡的控制,将采集到的数据保存在两个本地文件中,以用于后续的数据处理分析.本方案具有易于开发和调试、维护方便、应用灵活、成本低等优点,已经成功用于基于B92协议的自由空间量子密钥分发系统中.     

一次量子通信量子密钥分发和认证协议的安全性分析

分析了一次量子通信量子密钥分发（QKD）和认证（QA）协议存在的安全性漏洞,协议能抵抗截取／重发攻击策略和纠缠攻击策略,但不能抵抗纠缠／截取攻击策略,严格意义上说,在有信道噪声情况下,仅通过一次量子通信不能实现QKD和QA,根据原协议的条件,提出了2个新协议：①直接测量共享的GHZ态;②通过在原协议中加入检测过程以抵抗纠缠／截取攻击策略。     

基于极化码的单步量子密钥分发后处理

量子密钥分发结合一次一密的加密方案可以在理论上保证通信的无条件安全性。然而,量子密钥后处理过程中的误码纠错和密性放大两个步骤引入了较高的处理延时,影响了最终安全密钥生成速率以及量子密钥分发系统的实用性。故此,本文提出一种基于极化码的单步高效量子密钥后处理算法,根据Wyner窃听信道模型分析合法通信双方以及窃听者的信道容量,设计可同时满足可靠性和安全性的极化码码字结构用于量子密钥分发后处理,从而实现在一次编译码步骤中同时完成误码纠错和密性放大,将两个处理步骤合二为一,降低了系统复杂度和处理延时。实验结果表明,在量子比特误码率[0,0.08]范围内,所提出算法可同时满足纠后误码率10-7的可靠性条件以及窃听信息量10-14的安全性条件,码长为220比特时,译码吞吐率可达3Mbps,采用并行算法的译码吞吐率可达86Mbps。     

传输距离对实际量子密钥分发系统的影响

基于BB84协议原理,搭建偏振编码的长距离点对点实际量子密钥分发实验系统.利用该实验平台完成了5,10,15km 3种不同传输距离的量子密钥分发实验,并对系统主要参数实时采集进行数据分析.实验结果表明:随着发送端与接收端量子光纤信道距离的增加,在统计时间内,系统分段成码率降低,信号态和诱骗态误码率上升,系统产生的密钥量降低.