高产光学纯(R)-乙偶姻工程菌株的构建与发酵工艺优化

本研究拟在大肠杆菌中构建光学纯(R)-乙偶姻的合成途径和利用辅酶工程调控NADH/NAD+氧化还原平衡,并对工程菌发酵(R)-乙偶姻进行优化。将来源于Enterobacter cloacae的α-乙酰乳酸合成酶基因budB、α-乙酰乳酸脱羧酶基因budA和来源于Lactobacillus brevis的NADH氧化酶基因noxE进行密码子优化后组成基因簇,构建表达质粒并导入大肠杆菌,进一步优化工程菌的培养基成分和发酵条件,提高(R)-乙偶姻的合成能力。结果表明:获得专一性合成高光学纯(R)-乙偶姻的大肠杆菌工程菌株GXASR,对其发酵条件进行系统优化后,摇瓶发酵的(R)-乙偶姻产量为36.82g/L,光学纯度达99.1%,发酵罐补料发酵的(R)-乙偶姻产量达到67.65g/L。在大肠杆菌细胞中过表达外源基因簇budB-budA-noxE能够高效合成光学纯(R)-乙偶姻,经发酵优化后,工程菌的(R)-乙偶姻产量、生产强度和得率均显著提高,为代谢工程改造大肠杆菌生产高光学纯(R)-乙偶姻提供了理论基础。     

代谢工程方法改造谷氨酸棒状杆菌生产乙偶姻

应用代谢工程方法对Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC 13032生物合成乙偶姻进行了研究.在C.glutamicum ATCC 13032中导入了Bacillus subtilis 168的乙偶姻合成途径的相关基因als SD操纵子,工程菌株的乙偶姻产量为2.14,g/L.为了增加合成乙偶姻的直接前体物丙酮酸的供给,进一步敲除了丙酮酸脱氢酶复合体E1亚基的编码基因(ace E)和乳酸脱氢酶基因(ldh A),工程菌株的乙偶姻产量提高到5.09,g/L.最后,敲除了工程菌株的2,3-丁二醇脱氢酶基因(but A)以阻断副产物2,3-丁二醇的合成,在优化的溶氧条件下,菌株CGL3在基本培养基中乙偶姻产量提高到8.33,g/L,达到理论得率的51.5%.实验结果表明经过代谢工程改造的C.glutamicum ATCC 13032具有良好的乙偶姻合成能力和应用潜力.     

糠偶姻醋酸酯合成工艺方法

为了获得糠偶姻醋酸酯最佳收率，以VB₁作为催化剂，从原料配比、反应温度、反应时间3个因素着手，对以糠偶姻与醋酸酐合成糠偶姻醋酸酯的工艺方法进行研究.最佳实验条件为：n(糠偶姻)∶n(醋酸酐)=1∶1.2,反应温度70℃,反应时间60 min.此时，最高收率可达91.3%.该实验工艺简单，操作过程稳定，是合成糠偶姻醋酸酯比较理想的工艺方法.     

糠偶酰的合成

以糠醛为原料，VB1为催化剂，采用安息香缩合反应合成糠偶姻，并利用硫酸铜-吡啶氧化其为糠偶酰．给出较好的实验条件，使合成糠偶酰的产率从37％提高到90％．利用元素分析、GC－Mass联用、IR和UV谱等手段，对所合成的糠偶姻及糠偶酰进行分析表征.     

丁二酮的合成研究

丁二酮具有甜的、奶油、黄油香气,是一种重要的香料化合物,广泛用于各种香精配方中.比较了氯化铁、硫酸铁、氯化铜和硫酸铜4种氧化剂氧化乙偶姻制备丁二酮的效果,其氧化效果的顺序依次是:氯化铁>氯化铜>硫酸铁硫酸铜.氯化铁效果最好,丁二酮产率在85%左右.用双氧水再生氯化铁时,加入浓盐酸最佳用量与氯化亚铁的摩尔比为1∶3.3,再生后的氯化铁氧化效果良好,可多次循环使用.该方法与传统的丁酮亚硝化法相比,具有操作简单、产率高的优点,而且氧化剂可再生循环使用,对环境的污染小.     

双咪唑鎓盐催化苯偶姻缩合反应的研究

设计合成了一种新型的双咪唑鎓盐,研究了该双咪唑鎓盐催化苯甲醛合成苯偶姻的安息香缩合反应,考察了溶剂,催化剂用量、反应温度、碱的用量及不同底物对该反应的影响.结果表明:双咪唑鎓盐3能有效地催化苯偶姻缩合反应,且反应的最佳条件:温度为60℃,催化剂用量为2mmol%,50%NaOH/H2O(4.0equiv.)作碱、THF作溶剂,化学产率最高可达75%.     

几种具有前手性哌嗪类衍生物的合成

以哌嗪为母体化合物,将溴代苯乙酮及其衍生物与1-乙氧羰基哌嗪进行取代反应,然后经过水解得到一些具有前手性的化合物,共合成化合物13个(其中3个未见报道),目标化合物4个.该方法简便易行,产率较高,可应用于工业生产.     

2-(3-苯基-丙烯酰胺基)-乙磺酸的合成与表征

本实验先通过Perkin反应由苯甲醛和乙酸酐在碱性催化剂下合成肉桂酸,经SOCl2氯化后得到肉桂酰氯,进而与牛磺酸在碱性条件下反应,得到了一种新的肉桂酰胺2-(3-苯基-丙烯酰胺基)-乙磺酸,为下一步设计和合成抗高血压药物新型ACEI(血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂)提供中间体.产物结构由IR和1H NMR确证.     

绿色催化合成3,4-己二酮

介绍了以廉价丙醛制备3,4-己二酮的合成路线.以催化量的噻唑盐和助催化剂无机碱碳酸钠催化丙醛偶联,以90%的收率制得丙偶姻;丙偶姻在浓硫酸存在下,用质量分数30%H2O2/FeSO4·7H2O氧化得到85%收率的3,4-己二酮.气相色谱标准样品对照法确定了产物的结构.     

六(4-乙氧羰苯氧基)三聚磷腈的合成研究

 合成了一种新的高分子模型化合物———六(4-乙氧羰苯氧基)三聚磷腈,用红外光谱、核磁共振氢谱、碳谱和质谱证实了该中间体的结构,用正交试验优化了该中间体的合成方法.结果表明,合成六(4-乙氧羰苯氧基)三聚磷腈的较好方法为:以2.4 g K₂CO₃为催化剂,用1 g六氯三聚磷腈与3.5 g对羟基苯甲酸乙酯在丙酮中回流8 h,产率为93.9%.     

（R）－2－甲基－1，4－丁二醇及其衍生物的合成研究

手性２－甲基－１，４－丁二醇及其衍生物是合成各种手性近晶型液晶材料以及手性天然生物活性物质的重要中间体，以３－甲基－３－丁烯－１－醇为原料利用改进的不对称硼氢化－氧化反应，成功地合成了（Ｒ）－２－甲基－１，４－丁二醇以及其２种手性衍生物：（Ｒ）－２－甲基－４－四氢吡喃氧基－１－醇和（Ｒ）－２－甲基－４－四氢吡喃氧基丁醛．用ＩＲ及１ＨＮＭＲ进行表征，这３种目标产物的全合成的光学产率均为８４．９％．     

Chiral ligand-protected gold nanoclusters: Considering the optical activity from a viewpoint of ligand dissymmetric field

Chirality is a geometric property of a physical, chemical, or biological object, which is not superimposable on its mirror image. Its significant presence has led to a strong demand in the development of chiral drugs, sensors, catalysts, and photofunctional materials. In recent years, chirality of nanoscale organic/inorganic hybrids has received tremendous attention owing to potential applications in chiral nanotechnology. In particular, with the recent progress in the syntheses and characterizations of atomically precise gold nanoclusters protected by achiral thiolates, atomic level origins of their chirality have been unveiled. On the other hand, chirality or optical activity in metal nanoclusters can also be introduced via the surface chiral ligands, which should be universal for the nanosystems. This tutorial review presents some optically-active metal (gold) nanoclusters protected by chiral thiolates or phosphines, and their chiroptical (or circular dichroism; CD) properties are discussed mostly from a viewpoint of the ligand dissymmetric field scheme. The examples are the gold nanoclusters protected by (R)-/(S)-2-phenylpropane-1-thiol, (R)-/(S)-mercaptosuccinic acid, phenylboronate-D/L-fructose complexes, phosphine sulfonate-ephedrinium ion pairs, or glutathione. Some methodologies for versatile asymmetric transformation and chiroptical controls of the nanocluster compounds are also described. In the dissymmetric field model as the origin of optical activity, the chiroptical responses of the gold nanoclusters are strongly associated with coupled oscillator and/or CD stealing mechanisms based on the concept of induced CD (ICD) derived from a perturbation theory, so on this basis, some characteristic features of the observed CD responses of chiral ligand-protected gold nanoclusters are presented in detail. We believe that various kinds of origins of chirality found in ligand-protected gold nanoclusters may provide models for understanding those of many related nanomaterials.     

Structural effects on the magnetic hyperthermia properties of iron oxide nanoparticles

Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles(IONPs) are heavily explored as diagnostic and therapeutic agents due to their low cost, tunable properties, and biocompatibility. In particular, upon excitation with an alternating current(AC) magnetic field, the NPs generate localized heat that can be exploited for therapeutic hyperthermia treatment of diseased cells or pathogenic microbes. In this review, we focus on how structural changes and inter-particle interactions affect the heating efficiency of iron oxide-based magnetic NPs. Moreover, we present an overview of the different approaches to evaluate the heating performance of IONPs and introduce a new theranostic modality based on magnetic imaging guided–hyperthermia.     

Optically active alcohols: Resolution and synthesis from asymmetric reduction of prochiral ketones

The recent methods of resolution, enantiomeric excess determination and synthesis of optically active alcohols from asymmetric reduction of prochiral ketones are reviewed in the article with references. Important functions and applications of optically active alcohols in biological and chemical research area are described in an introduction part. The following part deals with resolution and enaniiomeric excess determination of racemic alcohols. The next part discusses asymmetric reduction of prochiral ketone and related compounds, which including: (a) Reduction by chirally modified aluminum and boron hydrides: (b) Catalytic reduction with chiral transition metal, complexes: (c) Enantioselective reduction by hydride transfer from carbon: (d) Biocatalytic reduction: (e) Asymmetric synthesis of chiral nonracemic alcohols with help of physical methods. A conclusion about optically active, alcohols from asymmetric reduction of ketones followes in the final part of article. Foundation item: Supported by the Fundation of High Education Ministry for the Scholars Back from Abroad Biography: HU Xian-ming (1950-), male, Associate Professor, Ph. D. (Univ of Groningen), email: xmhu@wh.edu.cn.     

西司他丁关键中间体的合成研究进展

 S-(+)2, 2-二甲基环丙烷甲酰胺是合成医药和农药的重要中间体,其合成方法主要分为化学合成法和生物催化法.综述了国内外2, 2-二甲基环丙烷甲酰胺的合成及拆分方法,并对各种合成方法进行分析对比,其中生物催化合成技术因具有高选择性、高催化效率和环境友好等优点而日益受到重视.生物催化合成法克服了化学合成工艺的缺陷,符合原子经济和可持续发展,具有广阔的发展前景.     

A homochiral metal-organic porous material for enantioselective separation and catalysis

Inorganic zeolites are used for many practical applications that exploit the microporosity intrinsic to their crystal structures. Organic analogues, which are assembled from modular organic building blocks linked through non-covalent interactions, are of interest for similar applications. These range from catalysis, separation and sensor technology to optoelectronics, with enantioselective separation and catalysis being especially important for the chemical and pharmaceutical industries. The modular construction of these analogues allows flexible and rational design, as both the architecture and chemical functionality of the micropores can, in principle, be precisely controlled. Porous organic solids with large voids and high framework stability have been produced, and investigations into the range of accessible pore functionalities have been initiated. For example, catalytically active organic zeolite analogues are known, as are chiral metal-organic open-framework materials. However, the latter are only available as racemic mixtures, or lack the degree of framework stability or void space that is required for practical applications. Here we report the synthesis of a homochiral metal-organic porous material that allows the enantioselective inclusion of metal complexes in its pores and catalyses a transesterification reaction in an enantioselective manner. Our synthesis strategy, which uses enantiopure metal-organic clusters as secondary building blocks, should be readily applicable to chemically modified cluster components and thus provide access to a wide range of porous organic materials suitable for enantioselective separation and catalysis.     

含蒎烯基联吡啶的新型手性Mo(0)络合物的合成和表征

为了探讨含手性蒎烯基联吡啶的手性钼(0)络合物的结构对光谱(特别是CD光谱)性质的影响,合成了两个新型手性钼络合物( )CD452[Mo(CO)4(LRR)]和[Mo(CO)4(LSS)].用元素分析、IR、UV vis、CD、1HNMR和13CNMR等对其进行了充分表征.研究结果表明:两种络合物为一对具有几乎完全相同物理化学性质、配体互为对映体的光学异构体;两者在可见区的CD曲线呈现弱Cotton效应,且大致为镜象对称,说明在相应的手性络合物中,由于联吡啶上相反手性的蒎烯基通过中心金属钼对MLCT发色团产生了手性微扰作用,从而产生诱导CD效应.     

生物酶促反应合成(S)-苯基-2-丙醇

（S）-苯砜-2-丙醇不仅具有抗胆甾脂的活性,而且还是一个非常有用的手性合成子．用自制的溴代丙酮与苯亚磺酸钠反应合成苯基丙酮砜,然后在面包酵母的作用下还原生成（S）-苯砜-2-丙醇．并对于干酵母及酵母培养液两反应方法进行了研究.它们具有操作简便、光学产率高等优点,其化学产率大于80％,光学产率达到95％．     

Baker酵母用于光学活性昆虫性信息素的合成方法述评

通过综述近１０年来Ｂａｋｅｒ酵母用于不对称合成的研究十分活跃的状况，介绍了它在制备高光学活性手性化合物的发展近况，着重评述了Ｂａｋｅｒ酵母作用特点及其在合成光学学活性昆虫性信息素中的应用。     

吡咯烷生物碱新手性合成子的合成

报道了从（Ｓ）－苹果酸出发，立体选择性地合成五个新吡咯烷生物碱手性合成子．观察到Ｃ＿４－位上保护的羟基对Ｃ＿５－位手性中心的形成具有良好的不对称诱导作用．